GOES-16 Derived 1-km resolution Daily Solar Insolation (2023)

Dataset Description This is the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) GOES satellite-derived solar insolation dataset. The dataset and method have been described in previous documents, including Jacobs et al. (2008), Paech et al. (2009), Mecikalski et al. (2011, 2018), Diak (2017) and Cheng et al. (2020). The data are in separate files for Julian days 1-365 (or 366). The dataset extends for the period 1 January 1985 through 31 December 2023. Prior to 2022, the dataset domain was on a 474 x 407 grid at 2 km resolution centered on the State of Florida. From 2022 onward the data domain is on a 1668 x 1668 grid of 1 km resolution that includes several Southeastern U. S. states in addition to Florida. The daily solar insolation is in units of MegaJoules per square meter (MJ/m^2/day), and the data themselves are in compressed ASCII format with the latitude (degrees) and longitude (degrees) of a given point listed. These solar insolation data are used to produce an evapotranspiration (ET) product that covers all watersheds that flow onto the extent of the Floridan aquifer system, which will allow water managers in north Florida to use the dataset when conducting water budget analyses that necessarily cross state borders. The ET data are subsequently used for climatological studies and water resources management. From 1985 to 2021, the solar insolation data was developed using native 1-km resolution GOES-East visible channel data. For each grid point, an averaging of 4 x 4 1-km resolution pixels was done to define a 2 km resolution product. For the 2022 to current datasets, native 500-meter, 10-minute resolution channel 2 (0.64 µm) data are used rom the GOES-16/-18 satellite's Advanced Baseline Imager. For each grid point from 2022 onward, an averaging of 2 x 2 500-meter resolution pixels occurred to define a 1 km resolution product. The GOES data were gathered from the NOAA Comprehensive Large Array-data Stewardship System (CLASS). Prior to 2022, a simple climatological or daily model reanalysis based total precipitable water (TPW) correction was implemented to the solar insolation data. From 2022 onward, the TPW correction for solar insolation is performed using the NESDIS Blended Hydrometeorological Product suite (BLENDHYDRO) “blended total precipitable water” data. These data, as obtained from NOAA CLASS, represents a merging of microwave derived TPW products from multiple polar-orbiting and geostationary satellite sensors including: AMU/MHS onboard the NOAA and MetOp satellite series; SSMIS onboard the DMSP satellite series; ATMS onboard S-NPP and NOAA-20; Sounder onboard the GOES satellite series; and GPS Met onboard Orbview-1, and have a spatial resolution of 16 km at the Equator. From 24 hourly files per day, a daily average TPW grid was created and then mapped onto the 1 km x 1 km grid that spans the domain of solar insolation coverage. Data Quality For the solar insolation dataset, between 15 and 22 pyranometer stations from across the state of Florida are utilized, with ~30% used for calibration of the satellite-estimated model product and the remaining used for validation of model performance. Every effort was made to screen for data quality, with the highest quality data being reserved for calibration. These data were provided by three State of Florida Water Management District (WMD) weather station networks (South Florida (SF), Saint John’s River (SJR) and Southwest Florida (SWF), the University of Florida (UF) Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) Florida Automated Weather Network (FAWN), and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) network. The following uncalibrated and calibrated pyranometer station-averaged statistics were developed for comparison of satellite-estimated and pyranometer-measured daily-integrated insolation at the ten verification pyranometer station locations: mean bias error (MBE), root mean square error (RMSE, and as a percentage of the mean pyranometer-measured value given in parentheses), and coefficient of determination (R2). As an example for 2023, the uncalibrated values are: MBE = –0.59 MJ/m^2/day, RMSE = 1.38 MJ/m^2/day (8%), and R2 = 0.96. The calibrated values are: MBE = 0.19 MJ/m^2/day, RMSE = 1.20 MJ/m^2/day (7%), and R2 = 0.97. References Cheng, P., A. Pour-Biazar, R. T. McNider, and J. R. Mecikalski, 2020: Validation of GOES-based surface insolation retrievals and its utility for model evaluation. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 37, 553–571. Diak, G. R., 2017: Investigations of improvements to an operational GOES-satellite-data-based insolation system using pyranometer data from the U. S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN). Remote Sens. Environ., 195, 79–95, doi:10.1016/j.rse. 2017.04.002. Jacobs, J., J. Mecikalski, and S. Paech, 2008: Satellite-based solar radiation, net radiation, and potential and reference evapotranspiration estimates over Florida. Technical Report. July 2008, 138 pp. http://fl.water.usgs.gov/et/publications/GOES_FinalReport.pdf. Mecikalski, J. R., W. B. Shoemaker, Q. Wu, M. A. Holmes, S. J. Paech, and D. M. Sumner, 2018: A 20-Year high-resolution GOES insolation–evapotranspiration dataset for water resource management over the State of Florida. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 144(9): 04018025. Mecikalski, J. R., D. M. Sumner, J. M. Jacobs, C. S. Pathak, S. J. Paech, and E. M. Douglas, 2011: Use of visible Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite imagery in mapping reference and potential evapotranspiration over Florida. Evapotranspiration. ISBN 978-953-307-251-7, Editor Leszek Labedzki, Chapter 10, pgs. 229-254. Paech, S. J., J. R. Mecikalski, D. M. Sumner, C. S. Pathak, Q. Wu, S. Islam, and T. Sangoyomi, 2009: A calibrated, high-resolution GOES satellite solar insolation product for a climatology of Florida evapotranspiration. J. Amer. Water Resources Assoc., 45, 1328-1342.数据集说明 本数据集为亨茨维尔阿拉巴马大学（University of Alabama in Huntsville, UAH）的GOES卫星（Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite）反演太阳辐射数据集。该数据集及相关方法已在既往文献中进行阐述，包括Jacobs等（2008）、Paech等（2009）、Mecikalski等（2011、2018）、Diak（2017）及Cheng等（2020）。数据按儒略日1-365（或366）分文件存储，时间覆盖范围为1985年1月1日至2023年12月31日。 2022年之前，数据集的空间域为以佛罗里达州为中心的2km分辨率474×407网格；2022年起，数据域更新为1km分辨率1668×1668网格，覆盖范围除佛罗里达州外，还包含美国东南部多个州。 每日太阳辐射总量的单位为兆焦每平方米（MJ/m²/天），数据采用压缩ASCII格式存储，包含各点位的纬度（单位：°）与经度（单位：°）信息。该太阳辐射数据可用于生成覆盖所有汇入佛罗里达含水层系统范围的流域的蒸散量（evapotranspiration, ET）产品，助力佛罗里达州北部水资源管理者开展跨州水预算分析。蒸散量数据后续可用于气候学研究及水资源管理工作。 1985年至2021年，太阳辐射数据基于原生1km分辨率的GOES-East可见光通道数据反演得到：对每个网格点，将4×4个1km分辨率像元进行平均，以生成2km分辨率的产品。2022年至今的数据集，则采用GOES-16/-18卫星先进基线成像仪（Advanced Baseline Imager）的原生500m分辨率、10分钟级的2通道（0.64μm）数据：对2022年起的每个网格点，将2×2个500m分辨率像元进行平均，以生成1km分辨率的产品。GOES卫星数据源自NOAA综合大型阵列数据管理系统（NOAA Comprehensive Large Array-data Stewardship System, CLASS）。 2022年之前，太阳辐射数据采用基于简单气候学或日模型的总可降水量（total precipitable water, TPW）校正方案；2022年起，改用NESDIS混合水文气象产品套件（NESDIS Blended Hydrometeorological Product suite, BLENDHYDRO）的混合总可降水量数据进行校正。该数据从NOAA CLASS获取，融合了多颗极轨和对地静止卫星传感器的微波反演总可降水量产品，包括：NOAA及MetOp卫星系列搭载的AMU/MHS、DMSP卫星系列搭载的SSMIS、S-NPP和NOAA-20搭载的ATMS、GOES卫星系列搭载的Sounder，以及Orbview-1搭载的GPS Met；其在赤道处的空间分辨率为16km。从每日24个逐时文件中生成日平均总可降水量网格，再将其映射至太阳辐射覆盖范围的1km×1km网格上。 ## 数据质量 本太阳辐射数据集采用佛罗里达州内15至22个总辐射表（pyranometer）站点的观测数据：约30%的站点用于卫星反演模型产品的校准，剩余站点用于模型性能验证。所有数据均经过严格质量筛选，最高质量的数据被留作校准使用。这些数据来自三个佛罗里达州水资源管理区（Water Management District, WMD）气象站网络：南佛罗里达（South Florida, SF）、圣约翰河（Saint John’s River, SJR）与西南佛罗里达（Southwest Florida, SWF）；佛罗里达大学（University of Florida, UF）食品与农业科学研究所（Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, IFAS）的佛罗里达自动气象网络（Florida Automated Weather Network, FAWN）；以及美国地质调查局（United States Geological Survey, USGS）的观测网络。 针对10个验证总辐射表站点，开发了未校准与已校准的总辐射表站点平均统计量，用于对比卫星反演与总辐射表实测的日累积太阳辐射，统计量包括平均偏差误差（mean bias error, MBE）、均方根误差（root mean square error, RMSE，以实测辐射均值的百分比形式标注于括号内）以及决定系数（coefficient of determination, R²）。以2023年为例，未校准结果为：MBE = –0.59 MJ/m²/天，RMSE = 1.38 MJ/m²/天（8%），R² = 0.96；已校准结果为：MBE = 0.19 MJ/m²/天，RMSE = 1.20 MJ/m²/天（7%），R² = 0.97。 ## 参考文献 Cheng, P., A. Pour-Biazar, R. T. McNider, 及 J. R. Mecikalski, 2020：GOES基地表太阳辐射反演的验证及其在模型评估中的应用. 《大气与海洋技术学报》（J. Atmos. Ocean Tech.）, 37, 553–571. Diak, G. R., 2017：基于美国气候参考网络（USCRN）总辐射表数据改进业务化GOES卫星太阳辐射系统的研究. 《遥感环境》（Remote Sens. Environ.）, 195, 79–95, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2017.04.002. Jacobs, J., J. Mecikalski, 及 S. Paech, 2008：佛罗里达州上空基于卫星的太阳辐射、净辐射及潜在与参考蒸散量估算. 技术报告. 2008年7月, 共138页. http://fl.water.usgs.gov/et/publications/GOES_FinalReport.pdf. Mecikalski, J. R., W. B. Shoemaker, Q. Wu, M. A. Holmes, S. J. Paech, 及 D. M. Sumner, 2018：用于佛罗里达州水资源管理的20年高分辨率GOES太阳辐射-蒸散量数据集. 《灌溉与排水工程学报》（J. Irrig. Drain. Eng.）, 144(9): 04018025. Mecikalski, J. R., D. M. Sumner, J. M. Jacobs, C. S. Pathak, S. J. Paech, 及 E. M. Douglas, 2011：利用对地静止气象卫星可见光影像绘制佛罗里达州参考与潜在蒸散量分布图. 《蒸散量》（Evapotranspiration）. ISBN 978-953-307-251-7, 主编Leszek Labedzki, 第10章, 第229-254页. Paech, S. J., J. R. Mecikalski, D. M. Sumner, C. S. Pathak, Q. Wu, S. Islam, 及 T. Sangoyomi, 2009：用于佛罗里达州蒸散量气候学研究的校准型高分辨率GOES卫星太阳辐射产品. 《美国水资源协会会刊》（J. Amer. Water Resources Assoc.）, 45, 1328-1342.