Oriented Bedrock Samples Drilled by the Perseverance Rover on Mars

A key objective of the Perseverance rover mission is to acquire samples of Martian rocks for future return to Earth. Eventual laboratory analyses of these samples will address key questions about the evolution of the Martian climate, interior, and habitability. Many such investigations would benefit greatly from samples of Martian bedrock that are oriented in absolute Martian geographic coordinates. However, the Mars 2020 mission was designed without a requirement for orienting the samples. Here we describe a methodology we developed for orienting rover drill cores in the Martian geographic frame and its application to Perseverance’s first 17 rock samples. To orient the cores, three angles were measured: the azimuth and hade of the core pointing vector (i.e., vector oriented along the core axis) and the core roll (i.e., the angle of rotation around the pointing vector). The core pointing vector was estimated from the attitude of the rover’s Coring Drill during drilling. The orient the core roll, we used oriented images of asymmetric markings on the bedrock surface acquired with the rover’s Wide Angle Topographic Sensor for Operations and eNgineering (WATSON) camera. For most samples, these markings were in the form the natural features on the outcrop, while for several samples they were artificial ablation pits produced using the rover’s SuperCam laser. These cores are the first accurately-oriented (<2.6° 3σ total uncertainty) bedrock samples from another planetary body.