Distrometer data of the Thies Laser Niederschlags Messer (LNM) since 2019 of about 150 German meteorological SYNOP stations
收藏资源简介：
[Outdated version] Please use the newest version: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15855617 Introduction As part of its synoptic meteorological weather data measuring network (automated SYNOP network of ground stations), the German Meteorological Service continuously operates about 150 laser-optical distrometers, the Laser Niederschlags Messer (LNM) from manufacturer Thies. This device registers the size and vertical fallspeed component of each particle (raindrops, graupel, snowflakes, hail, or anything else) that passes trough a horizontally oriented laser light sheet of length 22.8 cm, with 2.0 cm and height 0.75 mm. From all particles registered during 1 minute, a 2-dimensional discrete distribution (numbers in 20x22 fallspeed-diameter-classes) is constructed and several precipitation characterizing integral parameters are derived, such as precipitation rate, estimated type of precipitation according to WMO ww tables, estimated equivalent radar reflectivity factor, particle size distribution, etc. Relevant for the operational SYNOP data of DWD is only the estimated type of precipitation. However, the 2-D fallspeed-diameter distributions for each minute ("raw data") are also recorded, but not put into DWD's official longterm data bases. Because these raw data may be highly relevant and interesting for the international scientific community in the fields of cloud physics, numerical weather prediction and radar meteorology, we provide via Zenodo a comparatively large raw data set for the years 2019 to 2024 of >= 150 stations throughout Germany. The data set is accompagnied by additional parameters which are relevant for quality control and cross checks, namely 10-minute values of temperature, relative humidity, accumulated precipitation from rain gauges, cloud cover, wind speed and wind direction. All relevant station meta data are provided as well. Documentation Below, we provide the most important informations about the data set. It is accompagnied by some PDF documents in the compressed tar archive Documentation.tgz : Technical manual specifically for the DWD devices (in German language only): LNM_manual_Thies_deu_kurz.pdf (short manual) LNM_manual_Thies_deu.pdf (detailed manual) English translation/description of the data format and the diameter-velocity class limits: LNM_telegram_engl.pdf LNM_classes.pdf English manual from the manufacturer website (see below) not specific for DWD devices: 5.4110.xx.x00_laser_precipitation_monitor_eng_short.pdf (short manual) 5.4110.xx.x00_laser_precipitation_monitor_eng.pdf (detailed manual) README file Instrument description Short and detailed descriptions of the specific DWD-version of the LNM are given in German language, see above. English manuals are not available for the DWD-specific version, but have been downloaded from the manufacturer website for a newer instrument version and are also provided in Documentation.tgz. Links to the manufacturer's website can be found below. Data files and formats Distrometer data Yearly gzipped tar archives named lnm_thies_DWD_20XX.tgz One data file per day and per station in it's own directory. Directory structure in each archive: ./<yyyy>/<mm>/<dd>/<wmoid>/<data-file> (yyyy=year, mm=month, dd=day, wmoid=5-digit WMO station ID) File name <V>_<wmoid>_<yyyy>-<mm>-<dd>.txt (V=1-digit instrument version, either "2" or "3"), e.g. 3_10474_2023-07-01.txt One line per one-minute measuring interval (nominally 1440 lines per daily file) Semicolon-separated format, many records per line Detailed documentation of each record in LNM_telegram_engl.pdf Definition of the diameter- and fall velocity classes in LNM_classes.pdf The time stamp in each line is the approximate end of the measuring minute in UTC. Due to technical issues with time synchronisation, there is an uncertainty of about 30 seconds. Therefore, we have rounded the time to the nearest full minute. Additional synoptic data todo Station metadata See the more or less self-explanatory text file station_metadata_LNM_20250713_utf8.txt. This file gives for each WMO-ID the name, geographic longitude, latitude, station height AMSL and Important issues todo: Some stations have been closed, moved, or newly installed during the 5 years. Sometimes 1 to 5 minutes in a daily file are missing due to spurious data stream transmission problems which are not recoverable. Basic software Todo: add python code snippets to read the data files and compute precipitation rate, particle size distributions and equivalent radar reflectivity factor. Further informations about the instrument Website of manufacturer: https://www.thiesclima.com/en/laser-precipitation-monitor/ https://www.thiesclima.com/en/precipitation-measuring-devices/laser+precipitation+monitor~5.4110.00.xxx/ In German language: https://www.thiesclima.com/de/niederschlag-messtechnik-geraete/laser-niederschlags-monitor~5.4110.00.xxx/ Detailed technical manuals from the manufacturer website (not specific for the DWD devices): https://www.thiesclima.com/en/db/dnl/5.4110.xx.x00_laser_precipitation_monitor_eng.pdf https://www.thiesclima.com/en/db/dnl/5.4110.xx.x00_laser_precipitation_monitor_eng_short.pdf In German language: https://www.thiesclima.com/de/db/dnl/5.4110.xx.x00_lnm_deu.pdf https://www.thiesclima.com/de/db/dnl/5.4110.xx.x00_lnm_deu_kurz.pdf
[过时版本] 请使用最新版本：https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15855617 ## 引言 作为其自动化地面天气观测（SYNOP）网的组成部分，德国气象局（Deutscher Wetterdienst，简称DWD）持续运行约150台激光光学粒谱仪，即制造商Thies生产的激光降水测量仪（Laser Niederschlags Messer，简称LNM）。 该设备可对穿过水平定向激光片的每个粒子（雨滴、霰粒、雪花、冰雹或其他任何粒子）的粒径和垂直下落速度分量进行记录，该激光片长度为22.8 cm，宽度为2.0 cm，高度为0.75 mm。 基于1分钟内记录的所有粒子，可构建二维离散分布（20×22个下落速度-粒径等级中的粒子数），并推导出多项降水特征积分参数，例如降水率、依据世界气象组织（World Meteorological Organization，简称WMO）ww表估算的降水类型、等效雷达反射率因子、粒子粒径分布等。 对于DWD的业务SYNOP数据而言，仅需估算的降水类型即可。不过，每分钟的二维下落速度-粒径分布（“原始数据”）也会被记录，但并未存入DWD的官方长期数据库中。 由于这些原始数据对于云物理、数值天气预报和雷达气象学领域的国际科研团队而言具有极高的研究价值与意义，我们通过Zenodo平台发布了2019年至2024年间覆盖德国全境≥150个观测站的大规模原始数据集。 该数据集附带了与质量控制及交叉验证相关的附加参数，包括气温、相对湿度、雨量筒累积降水量、云量、风速及风向的10分钟均值。同时还提供了所有相关的站元数据。 ## 文档说明 下文将介绍该数据集的核心信息。压缩tar归档文件`Documentation.tgz`中包含若干PDF文档： ### 针对DWD设备的技术手册（仅德语） - `LNM_manual_Thies_deu_kurz.pdf`（精简版手册） - `LNM_manual_Thies_deu.pdf`（详细版手册） ### 数据格式及粒径-速度等级限制的英文译介/说明 - `LNM_telegram_engl.pdf` - `LNM_classes.pdf` ### 制造商官网发布的英文版手册（非针对DWD设备定制） - `5.4110.xx.x00_laser_precipitation_monitor_eng_short.pdf`（精简版手册） - `5.4110.xx.x00_laser_precipitation_monitor_eng.pdf`（详细版手册） 此外还包含README文件。 ## 仪器说明 针对DWD定制版LNM的精简与详细说明均以德语提供，详见上文。DWD定制版并无专属英文手册，但我们已从制造商官网下载了适用于新型仪器版本的英文手册，一并放入`Documentation.tgz`归档文件中。制造商官网链接详见下文。 ## 数据文件与格式 ### 粒谱仪数据 按年份打包的gzip压缩tar归档文件，命名格式为`lnm_thies_DWD_20XX.tgz`。 每个归档文件中包含按观测站与日期分目录存储的单日数据文件。归档文件内的目录结构如下： `./<yyyy>/<mm>/<dd>/<wmoid>/<data-file>` 其中`yyyy`为年份，`mm`为月份，`dd`为日期，`wmoid`为5位WMO站号。 数据文件命名格式为`<V>_<wmoid>_<yyyy>-<mm>-<dd>.txt`，其中`V`为1位仪器版本号，仅为“2”或“3”，例如`3_10474_2023-07-01.txt`。 每个数据文件中，每一行对应1分钟的测量时段（单日文件理论上包含1440行数据）。文件采用分号分隔格式，每行包含多条记录。每条记录的详细说明详见`LNM_telegram_engl.pdf`，粒径与下落速度等级的定义详见`LNM_classes.pdf`。 每行的时间戳为该测量分钟的近似协调世界时（UTC）结束时间。由于时间同步的技术问题，存在约30秒的误差，因此我们已将时间四舍五入至最近的整分钟。 ### 附加天气观测数据 待补充 ### 站元数据 详见文本文件`station_metadata_LNM_20250713_utf8.txt`，该文件可自行说明大部分内容。该文件为每个WMO站号提供了站名、地理经度、纬度、海拔高度（平均海平面以上）等信息。 ## 重要说明 待补充：部分观测站在5年运行期间已关停、搬迁或新增。由于数据传输链路异常且无法恢复，单日文件中有时会缺失1至5分钟的数据。 ## 基础软件 待补充：将添加用于读取数据文件、计算降水率、粒子粒径分布及等效雷达反射率因子的Python代码片段。 ## 仪器相关更多信息 制造商官网： 英文页面： https://www.thiesclima.com/en/laser-precipitation-monitor/ https://www.thiesclima.com/en/precipitation-measuring-devices/laser+precipitation+monitor~5.4110.00.xxx/ 德语页面： https://www.thiesclima.com/de/niederschlag-messtechnik-geraete/laser-niederschlags-monitor~5.4110.00.xxx/ 制造商官网发布的详细技术手册（非针对DWD设备）： 英文版本： https://www.thiesclima.com/en/db/dnl/5.4110.xx.x00_laser_precipitation_monitor_eng.pdf https://www.thiesclima.com/en/db/dnl/5.4110.xx.x00_laser_precipitation_monitor_eng_short.pdf 德语版本： https://www.thiesclima.com/de/db/dnl/5.4110.xx.x00_lnm_deu.pdf https://www.thiesclima.com/de/db/dnl/5.4110.xx.x00_lnm_deu_kurz.pdf
