Tyrosine kinases phosphorylate Cip/Kip inhibitors bound to CDK4/6:CCND complexes
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Phosphorylation of Cip/Kip cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors CDKN1A (p21Cip), CDKN1B (p27Kip1) and CDKN1C (p57Kip2) on conserved tyrosine residues Y77, Y88 and Y91, respectively, can convert them from bound inhbitors to bound non-inhibitors of CDK4 or CDK6 complexes with D cyclins by dislodging them from the active site of CDK4 or CDK6. This mechanism was studied in most detail on the example of CDKN1B associated with the CDK2:CCNA complex (Grimmler et al. 2007) and the CDK4:CCND1 complex (James et al. 2008, Patel et al. 2015). For a review of this topic, please refer to Blain 2008.<br>CDKN1A can be phosphorylated at tyrosine residue Y77 by protein tyrosine kinase ABL1 (Hukkelhoven et al. 2012). CDKN1B can be phosphorylated at tyrosine residue Y88, and probably also at the adjacent Y89, by protein tyrosine kinases ABL1 (Grimmler et al. 2007, James et al. 2008, Ray et al. 2009, Ou et al. 2011), LYN (Grimmler et al. 2007), SRC (Larrea et al. 2008), JAK2 (Jakel et al. 2011) and PTK6 (Patel et al. 2015). CDKN1C can be phosphorylated at tyrosine residue Y91 by protein tyrosine kinase ABL1 (Borriello et al. 2011).<br>Dislodgment of the tyrosine phosphorylated 3-10 helix of Cip/Kip CDK inhibitors from the active site of cyclin D-bound CDK4 or CDK6 results in increased catalytic activity of CDK4 or CDK6 by allowing ATP binding to the active site, but also by enabling activating phosphorylation of the T-loop of CDK4 or CDK6 phosphorylation by CDK7 in complex with cyclin H (Ray et al. 2009).<br>SRC-mediated phosphorylation of CDKN1B on tyrosine residue Y88 was shown to reduce protein stability of CDKN1B (Chu et al. 2007).<br>Without overexpression of BCR-ABL or SRC-family tyrosine kinases in several cell systems, tyrosine phosphorylated p27 is either undetectable or a very low abundance species (Ishida et al. 2000, Jaimes et al. 2008, Grimmler et al. 2007) that does not bind preferentially to CDK4 (Jaimes et al. 2008). Therefore, tyrosine phosphorylation of p27 is unlikely to be the sole explanation of the full activity of p27-bound CDK4:CCND complexes reported in previous studies (Blain et al. 1997, Coulonval et al. 2003, Bockstaele et al. 2006). It has been proposed that stoichiometry of the Cip/Kip complex with CDK4 or CDK6 and cyclin D, in addition to or alternative to tyrosine phosphorylation of Cip/Kip CDK inhibitors, determines their inhibitory role where binding of more than one molecule of CDKN1A, CDKN1B or CDKN1C would be needed to achieve inhibition of the CDK4/6:CCND complex (reviewed by Paternot et al. 2010).
Cip/Kip类周期依赖性激酶(CDK)抑制因子CDKN1A(p21Cip)、CDKN1B(p27Kip1)和CDKN1C(p57Kip2)在保守的酪氨酸残基Y77、Y88和Y91上发生磷酸化,能够将它们从与CDK4或CDK6复合物结合的抑制状态转化为非抑制状态,其机制通过从CDK4或CDK6的活性位点解离实现。此机制以CDKN1B与CDK2:CCNA复合物(Grimmler等,2007年)以及CDK4:CCND1复合物(James等,2008年,Patel等,2015年)为例进行了详尽的研究。关于此主题的综述,请参阅Blain(2008年)。CDKN1A可以被蛋白酪氨酸激酶ABL1磷酸化于酪氨酸残基Y77(Hukkelhoven等,2012年)。CDKN1B可以被蛋白酪氨酸激酶ABL1(Grimmler等,2007年,James等,2008年,Ray等,2009年,Ou等,2011年)、LYN(Grimmler等,2007年)、SRC(Larrea等,2008年)、JAK2(Jakel等,2011年)和PTK6(Patel等,2015年)磷酸化于酪氨酸残基Y88,可能也会磷酸化相邻的Y89。CDKN1C可以被蛋白酪氨酸激酶ABL1磷酸化于酪氨酸残基Y91(Borriello等,2011年)。从Cip/Kip CDK抑制因子酪氨酸磷酸化的3-10螺旋中解离出与周期蛋白D结合的CDK4或CDK6的活性位点,导致CDK4或CDK6的催化活性增加,这不仅是因为允许ATP结合到活性位点,还因为能够通过与周期蛋白H结合的CDK7复合物激活T环的磷酸化(Ray等,2009年)。SRC介导的CDKN1B在酪氨酸残基Y88的磷酸化已被证明可以降低CDKN1B的蛋白稳定性(Chu等,2007年)。在没有BCR-ABL或SRC家族酪氨酸激酶在多个细胞系统中过表达的情况下,酪氨酸磷酸化的p27要么不可检测,要么含量极低(Ishida等,2000年,Jaimes等,2008年,Grimmler等,2007年),并且不优先与CDK4结合(Jaimes等,2008年)。因此,酪氨酸磷酸化p27不太可能是先前研究中报道的p27-bound CDK4:CCND复合物全部活性的唯一解释(Blain等,1997年,Coulonval等,2003年,Bockstaele等,2006年)。有观点认为,Cip/Kip复合物与CDK4或CDK6及周期蛋白D的化学计量比,除了或作为酪氨酸磷酸化Cip/Kip CDK抑制因子的替代,决定了它们的抑制功能,其中需要超过一个分子的CDKN1A、CDKN1B或CDKN1C的结合才能实现CDK4/6:CCND复合物的抑制(Paternot等,2010年综述)。
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