Wandering abatross flight data

Wandering albatrosses exploit wind shear by dynamic soaring, enabling rapid, efficient, long-range flight. To explore this flight mode, we compared the ability of a nonlinear dynamic soaring model and a linear empirical model to explain observed variation of the airspeeds of GPS-tracked albatrosses in across-wind flight. In fast winds (> 8 m/s), maximum observed airspeeds reach an asymptote at ~ 20 m/s, whereas the dynamic soaring model predicts much faster airspeeds, up to around 50 m/s. We hypothesize that the birds actively limit airspeed by making fine-scale adjustments to turn angles and soaring heights. Predicted dynamic soaring airspeeds do not extend down to the slowest winds (< 3.2 m/s) of observed flight. We hypothesize that in slow winds wandering albatrosses obtain additional energy from updrafts over water waves. The dynamic soaring model predicts that the minimum wind speed necessary to support dynamic soaring at a cruise airspeed of 16 m/s is 3.2 m/s, achieved via a...