Archival Version

Neighborhood Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics by Tract, United States, 2000-2010 Data: Construction of the Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Affluence Variables To construct a set of variables that would characterize the sociodemographic structure of census tracts over time the research team conducted a principal factor analysis with an orthogonal varimax rotation of 10 census indicators (log transformed to correct positive skew) in 2000. The aim of the research team was to derive a parsimonious set of factors that capture the shared variance of a broad spectrum of neighborhood structural characteristics. Results from the factor analysis indicated 3 separate factors: The first factor, which the research team interprets as neighborhood disadvantage, is characterized by high levels of poverty, unemployment, female-headed families, households receiving public assistance income, and a high proportion of African Americans in a census tract. The second factor represents a mix of characteristics associated with neighborhood affluence (concentrations of adults with a college education; with incomes>75K; and employed in managerial and professional occupations). Distinguished from other non-disadvantaged census tracts by their large share of high income, highly-educated, adults in professional occupations, affluent census tracts are likely to attract a set of institutions (e.g., food stores, places to exercise, well-maintained buildings and parks) that foster a set of norms (e.g., an emphasis on exercise and healthy diets) conducive to good health (Clarke, Morenoff, Debbink, et al., 2014). Distinct from simply being the absence of neighborhood disadvantage, neighborhood affluence is associated with higher levels of social control and leverage over local institutions that can foster social environments that facilitate health (Browning & Cagney, 2003). The third factor represents ethnic and immigrant concentration, (higher values indicate more Hispanic and foreign born in the census tract). Socioeconomic Status and Demographic Characteristics of Census Tracts, United States, 2008-2017 Data: To construct this dataset, the research team extracted key census indicators related to race, ethnicity, age, income level, employment, poverty, and home ownership from the American Community Survey (ACS) 2012 five-year estimate (covering 2008-2012). The research team merged the variables with the same variables from the ACS 2017 five-year estimate (covering 2013-2017) and with each tract's land area from the 2010 TIGER/Line shapefiles for census tracts. The research team then used those variables to construct three indices as described below: neighborhood disadvantage, neighborhood affluence, and ethnic immigrant concentration. Construction of the index variables was informed by previous work to construct a set of variables that would characterize the sociodemographic structure of census tracts over time. In 2000, the research team conducted a principal factor analysis with an orthogonal varimax rotation of ten census indicators (log transformed to correct positive skew) (Morenoff et al., 2007). The aim of the research team was to derive a parsimonious set of factors that capture the shared variance of a broad spectrum of neighborhood structural characteristics. Results from the factor analysis indicated three separate factors: The first factor, which the research team interprets as neighborhood disadvantage, is characterized by high levels of poverty, unemployment, female-headed families, households receiving public assistance income, and a high proportion of African Americans in a census tract. The second factor represents a mix of characteristics associated with neighborhood affluence (concentrations of adults with a college education; with incomes>75K; and employed in managerial and professional occupations). Distinguished from other non-disadvantaged census tracts by their large share of high income, highly-educated, adults in professional occupations, affluent census tracts are likely to attract a set of institutions (e.g., food stores, places to exercise, well-maintained buildings and parks) that foster a set of norms (e.g., an emphasis on exercise and healthy diets) conducive to good health (Clarke et al., 2014). Distinct from simply being the absence of neighborhood disadvantage, neighborhood affluence is associated with higher levels of social control and leverage over local institutions that can foster social environments that facilitate health (Browning & Cagney, 2003). The third factor represents ethnic and immigrant concentration. Higher values indicate more Hispanic and foreign born in the census tract. Socioeconomic Status and Demographic Characteristics of ZIP Code Tabulation Areas, United States, 2008-2017 Data: To construct this dataset, the research team extracted key census indicators related to race, ethnicity, age, income level, employment, poverty, and home ownership from the ACS 2012 five-year estimate (covering 2008-2012). The research team merged the variables with the same variables from the ACS 2017 five-year estimate (covering 2013-2017) and with each ZIP code tabulation area (ZCTA)'s land area from the 2010 TIGER/Line shapefiles for ZIP code tabulation areas. The research team then used those variables to construct three indices as described below: neighborhood disadvantage, neighborhood affluence, and ethnic immigrant concentration. Construction of the index variables was informed by previous work to construct a set of variables that would characterize the sociodemographic structure of census tracts over time. In 2000, the research team conducted a principal factor analysis with an orthogonal varimax rotation of ten census indicators (log transformed to correct positive skew) (Morenoff et al., 2007). The aim of the research team was to derive a parsimonious set of factors that capture the shared variance of a broad spectrum of neighborhood structural characteristics. Results from the factor analysis indicated three separate factors: The first factor, which the research team interprets as neighborhood disadvantage, is characterized by high levels of poverty, unemployment, female-headed families, households receiving public assistance income, and a high proportion of African Americans in a census tract. The second factor represents a mix of characteristics associated with neighborhood affluence (concentrations of adults with a college education; with incomes>75K; and employed in managerial and professional occupations). Distinguished from other non-disadvantaged census tracts by their large share of high income, highly-educated, adults in professional occupations, affluent census tracts are likely to attract a set of institutions (e.g., food stores, places to exercise, well-maintained buildings and parks) that foster a set of norms (e.g., an emphasis on exercise and healthy diets) conducive to good health (Clarke et al., 2014). Distinct from simply being the absence of neighborhood disadvantage, neighborhood affluence is associated with higher levels of social control and leverage over local institutions that can foster social environments that facilitate health (Browning & Cagney, 2003). The third factor represents ethnic and immigrant concentration. Higher values indicate more Hispanic and foreign born in the census tract. Socioeconomic Status and Demographic Characteristics of Census Tract and ZIP Code Tabulation Areas, United States, 2016-2020 Data: To construct this dataset, the research team extracted key census indicators related to race, ethnicity, age, income, employment, poverty, and home ownership from the ACS 2020 five-year estimate (covering 2016-2020). The team merged variables with each tract's or ZCTA's land area from the 2020 TIGER/Line shapefiles for census tracts and ZCTAs. The team then conducted a principal components analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis with census tract indicators from the 2016-2020 ACS 5-year estimates to empirically re-evaluate the neighborhood socioeconomic and demographic indices from previous versions of the data. The aim was to provide a parsimonious set of theoretically-derived factors that capture the shared variance across a broad spectrum of structural socioeconomic characteristics. Results from the factor analysis indicated three separate factors: The first factor, which the team interprets as neighborhood disadvantage, is characterized by high levels of poverty, low family income, and households receiving public assistance income in the neighborhood. The second factor, which the team interprets as neighborhood affluence, is characterized by high levels of people with a college education, families with high income, and people employed in professional/managerial occupations in the neighborhood. The third factor represents a higher proportion of Hispanic, foreign born, and people with limited English proficiency in the neighborhood.

美国2000-2010年人口普查区（census tract）邻里社会经济与人口特征数据集：邻里社会经济劣势与富裕度变量构建
为构建一组可刻画不同时期普查区社会人口结构的变量，研究团队于2000年对10项人口普查指标（经对数变换以校正正偏态分布）开展主因子分析（Principal Factor Analysis）并采用正交方差极大（Varimax）旋转。研究团队的目标是推导出一组精简因子集，以捕捉广泛邻里结构特征的共享方差。因子分析结果显示存在3个独立因子：
第一个因子被研究团队解读为邻里社会经济劣势，其特征为普查区内高贫困率、高失业率、女性户主家庭占比高、领取公共援助收入的家庭占比高，以及非裔美国人占比偏高。
第二个因子代表与邻里富裕度相关的特征组合，包括拥有大学学历的成年人占比高、家庭年收入超过7.5万美元的群体占比高、从事管理与专业类职业的人群占比高。富裕普查区以其高收入、高学历的专业职业从业者占比远超其他非劣势普查区为特征，往往会吸引一系列配套设施（如食品商店、健身场所、维护良好的建筑与公园），进而催生一系列利于健康的行为规范（如重视运动与健康饮食）（Clarke、Morenoff、Debbink等，2014）。与单纯缺乏邻里社会经济劣势不同，邻里富裕度与更高水平的社会控制及对地方机构的影响力相关，可营造出利于健康的社会环境（Browning & Cagney，2003）。
第三个因子代表族裔与移民集中度，数值越高表示普查区内西班牙裔与外国出生人口占比越高。

美国2008-2017年普查区社会经济地位与人口特征数据集：
为构建该数据集，研究团队从美国社区调查（American Community Survey, ACS）2012年五年期估算数据（覆盖2008-2012年）中提取与种族、族裔、年龄、收入水平、就业状况、贫困率及住房自有率相关的关键人口普查指标。研究团队将这些变量与ACS 2017年五年期估算数据（覆盖2013-2017年）中的同名变量，以及2010年普查区TIGER/Line形状文件（TIGER/Line shapefiles）中各普查区的土地面积进行合并。随后研究团队利用这些变量构建了如下三类指数：邻里社会经济劣势指数、邻里富裕度指数与族裔移民集中度指数。
指数变量的构建参考了此前用于刻画不同时期普查区社会人口结构的变量构建工作。2000年，研究团队对10项人口普查指标（经对数变换以校正正偏态分布）开展主因子分析并采用正交方差极大旋转（Morenoff等，2007）。研究团队的目标是推导出一组精简因子集，以捕捉广泛邻里结构特征的共享方差。因子分析结果显示存在3个独立因子：第一个因子被解读为邻里社会经济劣势，特征为普查区内高贫困率、高失业率、女性户主家庭占比高、领取公共援助收入的家庭占比高，以及非裔美国人占比偏高；第二个因子代表与邻里富裕度相关的特征组合，包括拥有大学学历的成年人占比高、家庭年收入超过7.5万美元的群体占比高、从事管理与专业类职业的人群占比高；富裕普查区以其高收入、高学历的专业职业从业者占比远超其他非劣势普查区为特征，往往会吸引一系列配套设施（如食品商店、健身场所、维护良好的建筑与公园），进而催生一系列利于健康的行为规范（如重视运动与健康饮食）（Clarke等，2014）。与单纯缺乏邻里社会经济劣势不同，邻里富裕度与更高水平的社会控制及对地方机构的影响力相关，可营造出利于健康的社会环境（Browning & Cagney，2003）；第三个因子代表族裔与移民集中度，数值越高表示普查区内西班牙裔与外国出生人口占比越高。

美国2008-2017年邮政编码统计区域（ZIP Code Tabulation Areas, ZCTA）社会经济地位与人口特征数据集：
为构建该数据集，研究团队从ACS 2012年五年期估算数据（覆盖2008-2012年）中提取与种族、族裔、年龄、收入水平、就业状况、贫困率及住房自有率相关的关键人口普查指标。研究团队将这些变量与ACS 2017年五年期估算数据（覆盖2013-2017年）中的同名变量，以及2010年ZCTA的TIGER/Line形状文件中各ZCTA的土地面积进行合并。随后研究团队利用这些变量构建了如下三类指数：邻里社会经济劣势指数、邻里富裕度指数与族裔移民集中度指数。
指数变量的构建参考了此前用于刻画不同时期普查区社会人口结构的变量构建工作。2000年，研究团队对10项人口普查指标（经对数变换以校正正偏态分布）开展主因子分析并采用正交方差极大旋转（Morenoff等，2007）。研究团队的目标是推导出一组精简因子集，以捕捉广泛邻里结构特征的共享方差。因子分析结果显示存在3个独立因子：第一个因子被解读为邻里社会经济劣势，特征为普查区内高贫困率、高失业率、女性户主家庭占比高、领取公共援助收入的家庭占比高，以及非裔美国人占比偏高；第二个因子代表与邻里富裕度相关的特征组合，包括拥有大学学历的成年人占比高、家庭年收入超过7.5万美元的群体占比高、从事管理与专业类职业的人群占比高；富裕普查区以其高收入、高学历的专业职业从业者占比远超其他非劣势普查区为特征，往往会吸引一系列配套设施（如食品商店、健身场所、维护良好的建筑与公园），进而催生一系列利于健康的行为规范（如重视运动与健康饮食）（Clarke等，2014）。与单纯缺乏邻里社会经济劣势不同，邻里富裕度与更高水平的社会控制及对地方机构的影响力相关，可营造出利于健康的社会环境（Browning & Cagney，2003）；第三个因子代表族裔与移民集中度，数值越高表示普查区内西班牙裔与外国出生人口占比越高。

美国2016-2020年普查区与邮政编码统计区域社会经济地位与人口特征数据集：
为构建该数据集，研究团队从ACS 2020年五年期估算数据（覆盖2016-2020年）中提取与种族、族裔、年龄、收入、就业状况、贫困率及住房自有率相关的关键人口普查指标。研究团队将这些变量与2020年普查区及ZCTA的TIGER/Line形状文件中各普查区或ZCTA的土地面积进行合并。随后研究团队针对2016-2020年ACS五年期估算数据中的普查区指标开展主成分分析（Principal Components Analysis）、探索性因子分析（Exploratory Factor Analysis）及验证性因子分析（Confirmatory Factor Analysis），以实证评估此前版本数据中的邻里社会经济与人口指数。研究目标是推导出一组精简的、基于理论的因子集，以捕捉广泛社会经济结构特征的共享方差。因子分析结果显示存在3个独立因子：第一个因子被研究团队解读为邻里社会经济劣势，其特征为社区内高贫困率、低家庭收入及领取公共援助收入的家庭占比高；第二个因子被解读为邻里富裕度，特征为社区内拥有大学学历的人口占比高、高收入家庭占比高及从事专业/管理类职业的人群占比高；第三个因子代表社区内西班牙裔、外国出生人口及英语水平有限人群的占比更高。