Limits and relationships of Paracanthopterygii: a molecular framework for evaluating past morphological hypotheses

Gadiforms and percopsiforms have historically been treated as prototypical or core paracanthopterygians. As such, they are the keys to unlocking the evolutionary history and limits of a revised Paracanthopterygii; therefore, we address the taxonomic compositions of gadiforms and percopsiforms and how they are related to each other and other putative basal acanthomorphs. We address these questions by first constructing a phylogenetic hypothesis based on multiple molecular sequences. Both maximum likelihood and parsimony criteria strongly support a Paracanthopterygii comprised of Percopsiformes + [Zeiformes + (Gadiformes + Stylephorus)]. Polymixiids are sister to this clade. Polymixiids + paracanthopterygians are in turn sister to the acanthopterygians (batrachoidiforms, beryciforms, lophiiforms, ophidioids, percomorphs) in the parsimony analysis but sister to Acanthopterygii + Lampriformes (minus Stylephorus) in the likelihood analysis. A review of published morphological characters, pu...

鳕形目（Gadiformes）与银汉鱼目（Percopsiformes）在历史上长期被视作副棘鳍总目（Paracanthopterygii）的原型类群或核心类群。因此，二者是解析修订后副棘鳍总目的演化历史与分类边界的关键类群；据此，本研究围绕鳕形目与银汉鱼目的分类组成，及其彼此间、与其他推定基底棘鳍总目（Acanthomorpha）类群的亲缘关系展开探讨。
本研究首先通过多分子序列数据构建系统发育假说。基于最大似然法与简约法的分析均强烈支持：副棘鳍总目由银汉鱼目 + [海鲂目（Zeiformes） + （鳕形目 + 长吻鱼属（Stylephorus））] 构成。银眼鲷科（Polymixiidae）为该演化支的姊妹群。
在简约法分析中，银眼鲷科与副棘鳍总目构成的演化支，其姊妹群为棘鳍总目（包含蟾鱼目、金眼鲷目、鮟鱇目、蛇鳚类与鲈形总目）；而在最大似然法分析中，该演化支的姊妹群为棘鳍总目 + 月鱼目（Lampriformes，排除长吻鱼属）。
本研究对已发表的形态学特征进行了综述，pu...