Phylogeny and biogeographic history of the Chiropotes (Pitheciidae, Platyrrhini)

Pitheciidae is a New Word primate family composed of two subfamilies
(Callicebinae and Pitheciinae). The three extant pitheciine genera,
Pithecia, Cacajao and Chiropotes are all endemic to the Amazon region.
Because of the uncertainties about intraspecific relationships, we
reviewed the systematics and taxonomy of the genus Chiropotes. The
phylogenetic analyses were performed based on Maximum Likelihood and
Bayesian Inference, while species delimitation analyses were carried out
using multispecies coalescent methods. In addition, we estimated genetic
distances, divergence time and the probable ancestral distribution of this
genus. Our results support the taxonomic classification of Chiropotes into
five species that have emerged during the Plio-Pleistocene. Biogeographic
estimates suggest that the ancestor of the current Chiropotes species
occupied the endemism areas from Rondonia and Tapajos. Later, subsequent
radiation and founder effects associated with the formation of the
Amazonian basins have probably determined the speciation events within
Chiropotes.