Exploring the Phytochemical, Proximate, Toxicological, Hepatoprotective, and Therapeutic Potential of Aqueous Extract of Hamelia patens Leaves against CCl4-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Albino Rats

GC-MS analysis (Table 6) identified several compounds, including β-bisabolene and linalool, which contribute to the distinctive aroma of the plant and may have pharmacological properties. The chromatogram (Fig 3.1) visually represents the chemical composition of the plant extract.

The impact of the extract on liver biomarkers (Table 8a) in CCl4-induced hepatotoxic rats demonstrated significant reductions in AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin levels, suggesting a hepatoprotective effect. The antioxidant biomarkers (Table 9a) showed increased levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT, indicating improved antioxidant defense mechanisms. The lipid profile (Table 10a) revealed protective effects on TC, TG, HDL, and non-significant changes in LDL.

Hematological parameters (Table 11) exhibited a significant increase in RBC, Hb, and PCV in extract-treated groups compared to the negative control, suggesting potential benefits on blood parameters. Renal biomarkers (Table 15) showed a significant decrease in urea and creatinine levels, indicating a protective effect on kidney function in male animals.

GC-MS（气相色谱-质谱联用）分析（表6）鉴定出多种化合物，包括β-甜没药烯（β-bisabolene）与芳樟醇（linalool），这些组分不仅赋予该植物独特的香气，同时可能具备药理学活性。色谱图（图3.1）可直观呈现该植物提取物的化学组成。

在四氯化碳（CCl4）诱导的肝损伤大鼠模型中，该提取物对肝脏生物标志物（表8a）的影响研究显示：天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）及胆红素（bilirubin）水平均显著降低，提示其具备肝保护作用。抗氧化生物标志物（表9a）检测结果显示：谷胱甘肽（GSH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）与过氧化氢酶（CAT）的水平均有所升高，表明机体抗氧化防御机制得到改善。血脂谱（表10a）分析结果表明：该提取物对总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL）均产生保护作用，而对低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL）无显著影响。

血液学参数（表11）检测结果显示：与阴性对照组相比，提取物处理组的红细胞（RBC）、血红蛋白（Hb）及红细胞压积（PCV）水平均显著升高，提示该提取物对血液学指标具备潜在改善作用。肾脏生物标志物（表15）检测结果显示：雄性动物体内的尿素与肌酐水平均显著降低，表明该提取物对肾脏功能具备保护作用。