Nomogram Model for Predicting Sperm Retrieval Outcomes in Non‑Obstructive Azoospermia During Testicular Sperm Aspiration

This study aimed to develop and validate a predictive nomogram for estimating the likelihood of successful sperm retrieval in patients with non‑obstructive azoospermia (NOA) undergoing testicular sperm aspiration (TESA). Clinical and laboratory data from NOA patients were retrospectively collected and analyzed to identify independent predictors of sperm retrieval success. Multivariate logistic regression was used to construct the nomogram, which was subsequently validated using an independent patient cohort. The model demonstrated good discrimination and calibration, providing a practical tool to assist clinicians in preoperative counseling and individualized treatment planning for NOA patients.