DataSheet_1_The nasal microbiome in patients suffering from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-exacerbated respiratory disease in absence of corticosteroids.pdf

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic inflammatory disease phenotypically classified by the absence (CRSsNP) or presence of nasal polyps (CRSwNP). The latter may also be associated with asthma and hypersensitivity towards non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) as a triad termed NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD). The role of the microbiome in these different disease entities with regard to the underlying inflammatory process and disease burden is yet not fully understood. To address this question, we measured clinical parameters and collected nasal samples (nasal mucosal fluids, microbiome swabs from middle meatus and anterior naris) of patients suffering from CRSsNP (n=20), CRSwNP (n=20) or N-ERD (n=20) as well as from patients without CRS (=disease controls, n=20). Importantly, all subjects refrained from taking local or systemic corticosteroids or immunosuppressants for at least two weeks prior to sampling. The nasal microbiome was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and levels of 33 inflammatory cytokines were determined in nasal mucosal fluids using the MSD platform. Patients suffering from N-ERD and CRSwNP showed significantly worse smell perception and significantly higher levels of type 2 associated cytokines IL-5, IL-9, Eotaxin and CCL17. Across all 4 patient groups, Corynebacteria and Staphylococci showed the highest relative abundances. Although no significant difference in alpha and beta diversity was observed between the control and the CRS groups, pairwise testing revealed a higher relative abundance of Staphylococci in the middle meatus in N-ERD patients as compared to CRSwNP (p

慢性鼻炎鼻窦炎（CRS）是一种以鼻息肉（CRSwNP）的有无（CRSsNP）为表型分类的慢性炎症性疾病。后者可能还与哮喘以及对非甾体抗炎药（NSAID）的超敏反应相关，形成被称为NSAID加重型呼吸道疾病（N-ERD）的三联征。关于微生物组在这些不同疾病实体中的角色，特别是在潜在的炎症过程和疾病负担方面，尚未得到充分理解。为解答此问题，本研究测量了临床参数，并收集了慢性鼻炎sNP（n=20）、CRSwNP（n=20）或N-ERD（n=20）患者的鼻部样本（鼻黏膜分泌物、从中鼻道和鼻前庭取得的微生物组拭子）以及无CRS患者（疾病对照组，n=20）的样本。值得注意的是，所有受试者在采样前至少两周未使用局部或全身性皮质类固醇或免疫抑制剂。采用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序分析鼻微生物组，并使用MSD平台测定鼻黏膜分泌物中33种炎症细胞因子的水平。N-ERD和CRSwNP患者表现出显著较差的嗅觉感知能力和显著升高的2型相关细胞因子IL-5、IL-9、Eotaxin和CCL17的水平。在所有4个患者组中，棒杆菌和葡萄球菌显示出最高的相对丰度。尽管对照组与CRS组之间未观察到显著的α和β多样性差异，但成对检验揭示了N-ERD患者中中鼻道的葡萄球菌相对丰度高于CRSwNP患者（p