Vegetation Structure and Seasonal Dynamics in Wadi Awatib, Central Sudan, with Reference to Threats and Conservation Strategies

This dataset captures the vegetation structure, seasonal dynamics, and biomass variations within Wadi Awatib—a critical ephemeral drainage system in the arid Butana region of central Sudan—collected during the 2018–2019 rainy season and the 2019–2020 dry season using the standard random squares method. It contains ecological baseline metrics for 17 phanerophytic tree species (dominated by Vachellia tortilis subsp. spirocarpa, Vachellia flava, Neltuma juliflora, and Maerua crassifolia) and 28 herbs and grasses (such as Panicum turgidum, Corchorus depressus, and Aristida adscensionis), detailing their frequencies, percentage cover, and localized biomass fluctuations (ranging from 70.63–23.74 kg in the wet season to 52.15–14.38 kg in the dry season). Driven by differences in hydrology and tree density, these data files provide a foundational resource for researchers and conservationists to model dryland degradation, evaluate the impacts of overgrazing and tree cutting, and design mitigation strategies against invasive species in sub-Saharan wadi ecosystems.