Linguistic Marginalization - Understanding the Process and Effects on Developmental Capabilities - Recordings and translations (English) of interviews in Swahili

The project is a sociolinguistic study that investigates language use from a development perspective, with a central aim of identifying the reasons behind code-switching, i.e. the alternation between Ngoni and Swahili, in the Ruvuma Region in southwestern Tanzania. In a language contact situation with the high status official language Swahili, a main question is if the Ngoni people no longer can express themselves adequately in Ngoni, - that is if the alternation between the two languages is used to fill linguistic gaps and achieving discursive aims, or if it expresses the shaping of identity. In the recordings rural Ngoni farmers voice their ideas about their cultural heritage, with a special focus on attitudes towards Ngoni culture and cultural changes. The recordings deal with value systems, rituals, taboos and traditions, and naming traditions. The data consists of 36 sound recordings in Ngoni with totally 27 informants/participants who are all bilingual in Ngoni and Swahili. The participants live in two villages outside Songea in the Ruvuma Region of Tanzania, Mhepai and Peramiho B. The sound recordings are 9 focus group recordings and 27 interviews with the participants of the focus group discussions. All participants have given their consent. The focus group recordings are totally about 6 hours. The 9 focus groups were: 15 young persons between 15–20 years old (6 boys and 3 girls from Peramiho B and 3 boys and 3 girls from Mhepai), and 12 persons above the age of 60 (3 women and 3 men from Peramiho B and 3 women and 3 men from Mhepai). All focus group recordings are transcribed and translated into Swahili and English. Code switching to Swahili is marked in bold, even in transcriptions and translations. The interviews were conducted in Swahili, sometimes with parts in ngoni, if needed. The English translations of the interviews are found in the data set, as well as the recordings in Swahili. Each participant has additionally been interviewed after the focus group recording. The qualitative interviews with the 27 informants between the ages of 18 and 77 (13 hours of recordings in total) were conducted in Swahili by the researcher and a Tanzanian assistant. The recordings were conducted in August- September 2014. A metadata sheet with anonymised participants is attached. The metadata consists among other of age, sex, educational level and profession. Additionally, information about the participants' bilingualism, as well as their self-estimation of proficiency in Swahili is given. Background information about the area and participants: The Ngoni speaking area is situated between Tanzania’s Mozambican border and Lake Nyasa, around 1000 km from Dar es Salaam. See map. The area is rather isolated with poor roads. The village of Peramiho B is bigger and more urban than Mhepai, which is remote with hardly any vehicles for transport. Although Peramiho B has a more central and urban location, the living conditions in both villages are similar. People have no electricity, except for an occasional solar panel, and people living in the area are typically subsistence farmers growing maize and other crops. The informants were all farmers, except for 6 young people, from Peramiho B (2 motorcyclists transporting people, 2 masons, I technician and 1 nurse). This lifestyle in the villages implies hard work six days a week. People go to their farming plots in the morning and return at sundown. The villages only have some market stalls and outdoor bars where villagers meet to chat and drink local beer. Purpose: The project is a sociolinguistic study that investigates language use from a development perspective, with a central aim of identifying the reasons behind code-switching, i.e. the alternation between Ngoni and Swahili, in the Ruvuma Region in southwestern Tanzania. In a language contact situation with the high status official language Swahili, a main question is if the Ngoni people no longer can express themselves adequately in Ngoni, - that is if the alternation between the two languages is used to fill linguistic gaps and achieving discursive aims, or if it expresses the shaping of identity. In the recordings rural Ngoni farmers voice their ideas about their cultural heritage, with a special focus on attitudes towards Ngoni culture and cultural changes. The recordings deal with value systems, rituals, taboos and traditions, and naming traditions. The data consists of 36 sound recordings in Ngoni with totally 27 informants/participants who are all bilingual in Ngoni and Swahili. The participants live in two villages outside Songea in the Ruvuma Region of Tanzania, Mhepai and Peramiho B. The sound recordings are 9 focus group recordings and 27 interviews with the participants of the focus group discussions. All participants have given their consent. The focus group recordings are totally about 6 hours. The 9 focus groups were: 15 young persons between 15–20 years old (6 boys and 3 girls from Peramiho B and 3 boys and 3 girls from Mhepai), and 12 persons above the age of 60 (3 women and 3 men from Peramiho B and 3 women and 3 men from Mhepai). All focus group recordings are transcribed and translated into Swahili and English. Code switching to Swahili is marked in bold, even in transcriptions and translations. The interviews were conducted in Swahili, sometimes with parts in ngoni, if needed. The English translations of the interviews are found in the data set, as well as the recordings in Swahili. Each participant has additionally been interviewed after the focus group recording. The qualitative interviews with the 27 informants between the ages of 18 and 77 (13 hours of recordings in total) were conducted in Swahili by the researcher and a Tanzanian assistant. The recordings were conducted in August- September 2014. A metadata sheet with anonymised participants is attached. The metadata consists among other of age, sex, educational level and profession. Additionally, information about the participants' bilingualism, as well as their self-estimation of proficiency in Swahili is given. Background information about the area and participants: The Ngoni speaking area is situated between Tanzania’s Mozambican border and Lake Nyasa, around 1000 km from Dar es Salaam. See map. The area is rather isolated with poor roads. The village of Peramiho B is bigger and more urban than Mhepai, which is remote with hardly any vehicles for transport. Although Peramiho B has a more central and urban location, the living conditions in both villages are similar. People have no electricity, except for an occasional solar panel, and people living in the area are typically subsistence farmers growing maize and other crops. The informants were all farmers, except for 6 young people, from Peramiho B (2 motorcyclists transporting people, 2 masons, I technician and 1 nurse). This lifestyle in the villages implies hard work six days a week. People go to their farming plots in the morning and return at sundown. The villages only have some market stalls and outdoor bars where villagers meet to chat and drink local beer. Transcriptions of all focus group recordings (in Ngoni) are provided, as well as transcripts with translations into both Swahili and English. A translation (into English)of the transcribed interviews is also given. A metadata sheet with anonymised participants is attached. The metadata consists among other of age, sex, educational level and profession. Additionally, information about the participants' bilingualism, as well as their self-estimation of proficiency in Swahili is given. File names: The metadata numbering of participants is also found in the file naming: The last number of each interview file refers to a numbered participant. The initial naming of the file refers to the type of file: FOC= Focus group (sound file). The file name is followed by date of recording and type of group INT= Interview (sound file). The file name is followed by date of recording and number of anonymised participant ZILPAHFOC = Transcribed and translated focus group discussions (Ngoni, Swahili, English), followed by date of recording and type of group TRANSINT= Transcribed and translated interviews (English), followed by date of recording and number of anonymised participant TRANSFOC=Focus group transcriptions (Ngoni), followed by date of recording and type of group.本项目为一项社会语言学研究，从发展视角探究语言使用状况，核心目标是探明坦桑尼亚西南部鲁武马（Ruvuma）地区恩戈尼语（Ngoni）与斯瓦希里语（Swahili）之间的语码转换（code-switching）背后的动因。在以高地位官方语言斯瓦希里语为接触背景的语言接触场景中，核心议题之一为：恩戈尼族群是否已无法借助恩戈尼语充分表达自我——即两种语言的交替使用，究竟是用于填补语言缺口、达成话语目标，还是用于彰显身份建构。 录制内容中，乡村恩戈尼族农民阐述了其对文化遗产的看法，尤其聚焦于对恩戈尼文化与文化变迁的态度。录制内容涉及价值体系、仪式、禁忌、传统习俗以及命名传统。 本数据集包含36段恩戈尼语语音录制文件，受访对象共计27名，所有受访者均为恩戈尼语与斯瓦希里语双语使用者。受访者居住在坦桑尼亚鲁武马地区松盖阿（Songea）郊外的两个村落：姆佩派（Mhepai）与佩拉米霍B（Peramiho B）。语音录制内容包括9段焦点小组（focus group）录音与27段针对焦点小组参与者的访谈录音，所有参与者均已签署知情同意书。 焦点小组录音总时长约6小时。9个焦点小组分别为：15名15至20岁的青少年（佩拉米霍B的6名男孩、3名女孩，以及姆佩派的3名男孩、3名女孩），以及12名60岁以上的长者（佩拉米霍B的3名女性、3名男性，姆佩派的3名女性、3名男性）。 所有焦点小组录音均已完成转录，并被翻译为斯瓦希里语与英语。语码转换为斯瓦希里语的部分会以粗体标注，即使在转录文本与译文中亦遵循此规则。访谈以斯瓦希里语开展，必要时会加入部分恩戈尼语内容。数据集附带访谈的英语译文，以及斯瓦希里语语音录音文件。 每位参与者在焦点小组录制结束后，均接受了单独访谈。针对27名年龄在18至77岁之间的受访对象的质性访谈总时长为13小时，由研究者与一名坦桑尼亚助手以斯瓦希里语开展完成。本次录制工作于2014年8月至9月间进行。 本数据集附带一份匿名化的受访者元数据表，元数据内容包括年龄、性别、受教育程度与职业，此外还包含受访者的双语能力信息，以及其对自身斯瓦希里语熟练度的自评结果。 ## 地区与受访者背景信息 恩戈尼语使用区域位于坦桑尼亚与莫桑比克的边境与尼亚萨湖（Lake Nyasa）之间，距离达累斯萨拉姆（Dar es Salaam）约1000公里，详见配套地图。该区域交通不便，较为闭塞。佩拉米霍B村落规模更大、城市化程度更高，而姆佩派村落则更为偏远，几乎没有交通工具可供使用。尽管佩拉米霍B的地理位置更中心且更具城市化特征，两个村落的生活条件却较为相似：当地居民几乎无电力供应，仅少数人使用太阳能板；当地居民多为种植玉米与其他作物的自给自足农民。受访对象均为农民，仅来自佩拉米霍B的6名年轻人除外——其中2名为载人摩托车司机、2名泥瓦匠、1名技术员与1名护士。当地村民的生活方式意味着每周需劳作六天：清晨前往农田劳作，日落时分返家。村落仅设有少量市集摊位与户外酒吧，供村民相聚聊天、饮用本地啤酒。 所有焦点小组录音的恩戈尼语转录文本，以及附带斯瓦希里语与英语译文的转录文本均已提供。转录访谈的英语译文亦包含于本数据集内。匿名化受访者元数据表已随附，元数据涵盖年龄、性别、受教育程度与职业，同时包含受访者的双语能力信息及其对斯瓦希里语熟练度的自评结果。 ## 文件名规则 受访者的元数据编号也体现在文件名中：每个访谈文件的末尾数字对应编号的匿名受访对象。文件名前缀代表文件类型：FOC 代表焦点小组语音文件，文件名后附录制日期与小组类型；INT 代表访谈语音文件，文件名后附录制日期与匿名受访对象编号；ZILPAHFOC 代表已完成转录与翻译的焦点小组讨论文本（包含恩戈尼语、斯瓦希里语与英语），文件名后附录制日期与小组类型；TRANSINT 代表已完成转录与翻译的访谈文本（英语），文件名后附录制日期与匿名受访对象编号；TRANSFOC 代表焦点小组转录文本（恩戈尼语），文件名后附录制日期与小组类型。