‘Soundless answer. Firm safety.’ ERPs showing perceptual simulation since actual 160 ms (Bernabeu, Willems, & Louwerse, in prep.)
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Files: experiment overview; stimuli; EEG montage used; waveforms; difference topographies, critical statistics; fixed effects of final models; entire modeling; raw data. For a detailed view of the waveforms per group and electrode, see https://pablobernabeu.shinyapps.io/export_files/.The entire data set is available at https://osf.io/97unm/.<b>Abstract. </b>Sensory-motor systems become active during conceptual processing, but the precise relevance of it is not clear. For perceptual simulation to occur, those systems would have to contribute to the core of conceptual processing. In studying this, the earlier stages of word comprehension can be most revealing. We thus conducted an event-related potential (ERP) experiment that implemented the conceptual modality switch paradigm. In each trial, participants judged whether a property word could describe a concept word. Yet, the critical manipulation was the conceptual modality of successive trials (as enabled by modality-normed stimuli). Previous experiments have shown that the transition across trials in different modalities—e.g., haptic to visual—incurs a switching cost, relative to maintaining the same modality—e.g., visual to visual. Those experiments measured ERPs time-locked to the last word of target trials, and then response times. By contrast, we time-locked ERPs to the first word of target trials in order to measure any switching costs from the start, and also to reduce confound influence on the target word. The experiment featured different types of switch—one from auditory to visual, and one from haptic to visual—, which were compared to the non-switch—visual to visual. Further, there was a Quick group (<i>n</i> = 21) and a Self-paced group (<i>n</i> = 21), alongside a few participants without speed instructions (<i>n</i> = 5). ERP effects appeared in four typical time windows from 160 and 750 ms after word onset. The overall effect is characterized by a negativity for modality-switching relative to not switching, and it increases over time. Further, it arises with both types of switch, and influences both participant groups within anterior and posterior brain regions. These results indicate that sensory systems may be engaged as soon as a word is recognized, which underscores the plausibility of perceptual simulation.<b></b><b></b><b></b>ReferencesCollins, J., Pecher, D., Zeelenberg, R., & Coulson, S. (2011). Modality switching in a property verification task: an ERP study of what happens when candles flicker after high heels click. <i>Frontiers in Psychology, 2.</i>Hald, L. A., Marshall, J.-A., Janssen, D. P., & Garnham, A. (2011). Switching modalities in a sentence verification task: ERP evidence for embodied language processing. <i>Frontiers in Psychology, 2.</i> Hauk, O. (2016). Only time will tell—Why temporal information is essential for our neuroscientific understanding of semantics. <i>Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23</i>.<i></i>Mahon, B.Z., & Hickok, G. (2016). Arguments about the nature of concepts: Symbols, embodiment, and beyond. <em>Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23, </em>941-958.
包含文件：实验概述、实验刺激、所用脑电图（electroencephalogram, EEG）电极布局方案、波形图、差异地形图、关键统计量、最终模型的固定效应、完整建模流程及原始数据。如需查看按组别与电极分类的详细波形图，请访问https://pablobernabeu.shinyapps.io/export_files/。完整数据集可通过https://osf.io/97unm/获取。 <b>摘要。</b> 概念加工过程中，感觉运动系统会被激活，但其确切作用仍不明确。若要实现知觉模拟，此类系统必须参与概念加工的核心环节。在相关研究中，词汇理解的早期阶段往往最具揭示价值。为此，我们采用概念模态切换范式开展了一项事件相关电位（event-related potential, ERP）实验。实验流程为：在每一试次中，要求被试判断某属性词能否描述某概念词。本实验的核心操纵变量为连续试次的概念模态（通过模态标准化刺激实现）。既往研究表明，相较于保持同一模态（如视觉到视觉），跨模态切换试次（如触觉到视觉）会产生切换代价。此类过往研究以目标试次的最后一个词作为ERP的时间锁定点，并测量反应时。与之不同，我们以目标试次的第一个词作为时间锁定点，以期从起始阶段测量切换代价，并降低对目标词的混淆影响。本实验设置了两类切换条件：听觉至视觉、触觉至视觉，并与非切换条件（视觉至视觉）进行对比。此外，被试分为快速反应组（<i>n</i> = 21）与自定步速组（<i>n</i> = 21），另有5名未被要求控制反应速度的被试。ERP效应出现在词刺激呈现后160~750ms的四个典型时间窗口中。整体效应表现为：模态切换条件相较于非切换条件呈现负波，且该效应随时间推移逐渐增强。进一步分析显示，两类切换条件均出现该效应，且在大脑前部与后部区域的两组被试中均观测到此效应。上述结果表明，词汇被识别的瞬间感觉系统即被激活，这为知觉模拟的合理性提供了实证支撑。 <b>参考文献</b> Collins, J., Pecher, D., Zeelenberg, R., & Coulson, S. (2011). 属性验证任务中的模态切换：蜡烛闪烁与高跟鞋敲击后神经活动的ERP研究。<i>《心理学前沿》（Frontiers in Psychology）</i>, 2. Hald, L. A., Marshall, J.-A., Janssen, D. P., & Garnham, A. (2011). 句子验证任务中的模态切换：具身语言加工的ERP证据。<i>《心理学前沿》（Frontiers in Psychology）</i>, 2. Hauk, O. (2016). 唯有时间能揭晓答案——为何时序信息对我们从神经科学角度理解语义至关重要。<i>《心理科学通报与评论》（Psychonomic Bulletin & Review）</i>, 23. Mahon, B.Z., & Hickok, G. (2016). 关于概念本质的争论：符号、具身性及其他延伸。<i>《心理科学通报与评论》（Psychonomic Bulletin & Review）</i>, 23, 941-958.
