PHILOSOPHICAL AND AESTHETIC FOUNDATIONS OF CLASSICISM: HUMANISM, ENLIGHTENMENT, AND WEIMAR CLASSICISM IN GOETHE AND SCHILLER

Classicism represents a central intellectual and aesthetic tradition in Western culture, grounded in ideals of harmony, proportion, rationality, and moral order. This article examines the philosophical and aesthetic foundations of Classicism with a particular focus on its transformation during the Enlightenment and its culmination in Weimar Classicism. The study explores how thinkers such as Goethe and Schiller redefined classical ideals in response to modern philosophical concerns, especially those related to humanism, freedom, and aesthetic education. Using an interdisciplinary methodology combining literary analysis, intellectual history, and aesthetic theory, the research investigates how Classicism evolved from a formal artistic doctrine into a comprehensive worldview. The findings show that Weimar Classicism represents a synthesis of Enlightenment rationality and humanist idealism, in which aesthetic experience becomes a means of moral and intellectual development. The article argues that Goethe and Schiller did not simply revive ancient classical models but transformed them into a dynamic philosophy of human cultivation. Ultimately, Classicism emerges as a bridge between reason and emotion, nature and freedom, and individuality and universality.古典主义（Classicism）是西方文化中核心的智识与美学传统，其根基在于和谐、匀称、理性与道德秩序的理想。本文探析古典主义的哲学与美学根基，特别聚焦其在启蒙运动时期的演进历程，以及其在魏玛古典主义（Weimar Classicism）中的巅峰形态。本研究探讨了歌德（Goethe）与席勒（Schiller）等思想家如何针对现代哲学议题——尤其是与人本主义、自由及审美教育相关的议题——重新诠释古典理想。本研究采用融合文学分析、智识史与美学理论的跨学科研究方法，考察古典主义如何从一套形式化的艺术信条，演进为一套完整的世界观。研究结果表明，魏玛古典主义是启蒙理性与人本主义理想主义的融合产物，在此框架下审美体验成为道德与智识发展的重要路径。本文主张，歌德与席勒并未简单复刻古代古典范式，而是将其转化为一套关乎人类教养的动态哲学体系。最终，古典主义呈现为联结理性与情感、自然与自由、个体性与普遍性的桥梁。