2016 SoE Marine Chapter - Pressures - Traditional use of marine resources

The Marine chapter of the 2016 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Expert Assessment "Pressures on the marine environment associated with traditional use of marine resources". The full Expert Assessment, including figures and tables (where provided), is attached to this record. Where available, the Data Stream(s) used to generate this Expert Assessment are accessible through the "On-line Resources" section of this record.

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DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESSURE
Quantifying the traditional use of marine resources by Indigenous communities is difficult due to the dispersed and sporadic nature of much traditional harvesting and the often complex and sensitive process of building community endorsement for long term monitoring programs to quantify harvest levels. Across Australia, there is a high diversity of community initiatives for monitoring and managing traditional harvest due to the specific local context for planning, managing and conservation. Since the 2011 assessment, the workforce of Indigenous rangers has grown around Australia and this has increased the on-ground capacity for monitoring the traditional take (e.g., GBRMPA, 2011; DIPF, 2013). In the Great Barrier Reef, as part of a Traditional use of marine resource agreement (TUMRA), Traditional owners are required to monitor, record and report traditional harvest activities (GBRMPA, 2008). In the Northern Territory, Indigenous rangers record information on the loss or return of aquatic species (e.g. fish, dugong, turtles) in their patrol areas (DIPF, 2013). Kimberley coastal communities are advancing with developing and implementing monitoring and evaluation frameworks (Jackson et al., 2015). Wide scale involvement of Indigenous rangers in monitoring programs also occurs in the Torres Strait (Johnson et al., 2015). Even with increased effort dedicated to Indigenous natural and cultural resource management, results have been mixed, with many projects falling well short of both Indigenous and non-Indigenous expectations (Barbour & Schlesinger, 2012). Natural and cultural resource management is considered a worthy and necessary goal (Ens et al., 2012), yet designing and implementing programs to achieve sustainability goals are not straightforward (Dressler et al., 2010). Determining whether traditional harvest is sustainable needs to be assessed on a case-by-case community basis given the wider ecological and pressure conditions within an area and as such, it is important to consider the state of the harvested population, state of supporting habitats, range of threats, and controls to limit human impacts.

DATA STREAM(S) USED IN EXPERT ASSESSMENT
The information used in the assessment was based on extracting insightful statements from reports and articles across Australia on Traditional use of marine resources. No data sets were used to generate this assessment.

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2016 SOE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY [see attached Expert Assessment for full details]

• 2016 •
Assessment grade: Low impact
Assessment trend: Unclear
Confidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensus
Confidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus
Comparability: Grade and trend are somewhat comparable to the 2011 assessment
• 2011 •
Assessment grade: Very good
Assessment trend: Stable
Confidence grade: Limited evidence or limited consensus
Confidence trend: Limited evidence or limited consensus

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CHANGES SINCE 2011 SOE ASSESSMENT
Since 2011, focus had been placed on monitoring and recording harvest levels to help quantify trends in Traditional use of marine resources.

2016年《环境状况（State of the Environment, SoE）》报告海洋章节整合了多套基于海洋数据流构建的专家模板。本元数据记录（metadata record）所描述的专家评估主题为**与海洋资源传统利用相关的海洋环境压力**。本记录附件包含完整的专家评估报告，其中涵盖图表（如已提供）。若可获取，本评估所使用的数据流可通过本记录的「在线资源」板块查阅。

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### 压力源详述
由于多数传统捕捞活动具有分散性与偶发性，且为量化捕捞规模而建立长期监测项目以获得社区认可的流程往往复杂且敏感，因此对原住民社区的海洋资源传统利用情况进行量化评估难度极大。澳大利亚各地因规划、管理与保护的本地情境各异，原住民社区开展的传统捕捞监测与管理举措呈现出高度多样性。自2011年评估以来，澳大利亚各地的原住民管护人员（Indigenous rangers）队伍规模不断扩大，提升了传统捕捞活动现场监测的能力（例如：大堡礁海洋公园管理局（Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, GBRMPA），2011；初级产业与渔业部（Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, DIPF），2013）。在大堡礁地区，根据《海洋资源传统利用协议（Traditional use of marine resource agreement, TUMRA）》要求，原住民传统所有者需对传统捕捞活动进行监测、记录与汇报（GBRMPA，2008）。在北领地，原住民管护人员需记录其巡护区域内水生生物（例如鱼类、儒艮、海龟）的死亡或回迁情况（DIPF，2013）。金伯利沿海社区正在推进监测与评估框架的开发与落地工作（Jackson等，2015）。托雷斯海峡地区也广泛开展了原住民管护人员参与监测项目的工作（Johnson等，2015）。尽管针对原住民自然与文化资源管理的投入不断增加，但实施效果参差不齐，多数项目未能达到原住民与非原住民双方的预期（Barbour与Schlesinger，2012）。自然与文化资源管理被视为一项值得且必要的目标（Ens等，2012），但设计并实施能够达成可持续性目标的项目并非易事（Dressler等，2010）。鉴于某一区域内的整体生态状况与压力条件，需针对每个社区的具体情况逐一评估传统捕捞是否具有可持续性，因此，需综合考量被捕捞种群的现状、支撑性栖息地的状态、各类威胁因素以及限制人类影响的管控措施。

### 专家评估所用数据流
本评估所用信息源自对澳大利亚各地关于海洋资源传统利用的报告与文章中的精辟论述进行提取，未使用任何数据集生成本次评估。

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### 2016年环境状况评估摘要[完整细节请参阅附件中的专家评估报告]
• 2016年
评估等级：低影响
评估趋势：不明确
置信等级：证据有限或共识不足
置信趋势：证据有限或共识不足
可比性：本次评估的等级与趋势与2011年评估具有一定可比性
• 2011年
评估等级：极佳
评估趋势：稳定
置信等级：证据有限或共识不足
置信趋势：证据有限或共识不足

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### 2011年环境状况评估以来的变化
2011年以来，相关工作的重点已转向监测与记录捕捞规模，以助力量化海洋资源传统利用的变化趋势。