ARMOR and NALMA data corresponding to 2008 storms analyzed in "Examining conditions supporting the development of anomalous charge structures in supercell thunderstorms in the Southeastern United States"
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Total lightning and dual-polarization Doppler velocity data are available from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array (NALMA) and the C-band University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) Advanced Radar for Meteorological and Operational Research (ARMOR), respectively, over selected periods on 6 February 2008 and 11 April 2008. NALMA data are provided in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) format and ARMOR data are provided in Raw and quality-controlled Universal Format (UF), where quality control methods are described below. The NALMA data are provided in hourly files which include undecimated point location (source-level) data corresponding to the detection of very high frequency (VHF) radiation emitted during the breakdown of lightning (Rison et al., 1999; Thomas et al., 2001). Source locations were reported from active sensors configured in an 11-sensor array distributed throughout North Alabama and South Central Tennessee, the center of which is located at 34.72641, -86.64533 (Koshak et al. 2004). Data files include information on the time that each source was detected (UTC seconds of the day), the latitude, longitude, and altitude of each source’s location (decimal degrees and m, respectively), the reduced chi<sup>2</sup> value associated with data processing (unitless), a station mask indicating which sensors contributed to the resolved location of each source (unitless). These data are provided in a line-by-line format of (f15.9 f10.6 f11.6f 7.1 f5.2 f5.1 4x). The 2008 data files additionally include a header section that provides further information about each sensor in the network and its relative contribution to the dataset. The hourly fine naming conventions are as follows for the February 2008 data: LMA_NA_6.2_125_2008-02-06_10-00-00.dat.gz LMA_NA: LMA file designator corresponding to the NALMA 2008-02-06: year (YYYY)-month (MM)-day (DD) 10-00-00: UTC time, (HH)-minute (MM)-second (SS) And for the April 2008 data: LYLOUT_080411_180000_3600.dat.gz LYLOUT: LMA file designator 080411: date in order of last two digits of year (YY), month (MM), and day (DD) 180000: UTC time in order of hour (HH), minute (MM), and second (SS) 3600: length of period covered in file in seconds (3600 s = 1 hour) ARMOR data are provided as sets of 14 (14) sampling volumes corresponding to the 6 February 2008 (11 April 2008) periods between 1002 UTC and 1119 UTC (1844 UTC and 1952 UTC). Each RAW and processed UF file contains horizontal reflectivity (dBZ), differential reflectivity (dB), Doppler velocity (m s<sup>-1</sup>), spectrum width (m s<sup>-1</sup>), differential phase (º), and total power (dBZ) data. Horizontal reflectivity and differential reflectivity data were corrected for attenuation and differential attenuation, differential propagation phase (º) was estimated, and specific differential phase (º km<sup>-1</sup>) was calculated during post-processing (Hubbert and Bringi 1995, Bringi et al. 2001). Acknowledgments: NALMA data were collected with support from NASA MSFC Award NNM05AA22A. References: Bringi, V. N., Keenan, T. D., & Chandrasekar, V. (2001). Correcting C-band radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity data for rain attenuation: A self-consistent method with constraints. <em>IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing</em>, <em>39</em>(9), 1906–1915. https://doi.org/10.1109/36.951081 Hubbert, J., and V. N. Bringi, 1995: An iterative filtering technique for the analysis of copolar differential phase and dual-frequency radar measurements. <em>Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology</em>, <strong>12</strong>, 643–648. Koshak, W. J., Solakiewicz, R. J., Blakeslee, R. J., Goodman, S. J., Christian, H. J., Hall, J. M., … Cecil, D. J. (2004). North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array (LMA): VHF source retrieval algorithm and error analyses. <em>Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology</em>, <em>21</em>(4), 543–558. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0543:NALMAL>2.0.CO;2 Rison, W., Thomas, R. J., Krehbiel, P. R., Hamlin, T., & Harlin, J. (1999). A GPS-based three-dimensional lightning mapping system: Initial observations in Central New Mexico. <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>, <em>26</em>(23), 3573–3576. Thomas, R. J., Krehbiel, P. R., Hamlin, T., Harlin, J., & Shown, D. (2001). Observations of VHF source powers radiated by lightning. <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>, <em>28</em>(1), 143–146. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011464
总闪电与双偏振多普勒速度数据分别来源于美国国家航空航天局（National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA）马歇尔航天飞行中心（Marshall Space Flight Center, MSFC）的北阿拉巴马州闪电测绘阵列（North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array, NALMA），以及阿拉巴马大学亨茨维尔分校（University of Alabama in Huntsville, UAH）的C波段气象与业务研究先进雷达（Advanced Radar for Meteorological and Operational Research, ARMOR），数据覆盖2008年2月6日与2008年4月11日的选定时段。 NALMA数据采用美国信息交换标准代码（American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ASCII）格式提供，ARMOR数据则提供原始格式与经过质量控制的通用格式（Universal Format, UF），质量控制方法详见下文。 NALMA数据按小时文件存储，包含未降采样的点位置（源级）数据，对应闪电击穿过程中辐射的甚高频（very high frequency, VHF）信号探测结果（Rison等，1999；Thomas等，2001）。 源位置由分布在北阿拉巴马州和田纳西州中南部的11个有源传感器阵列解算得到，阵列中心坐标为34.72641, -86.64533（Koshak等，2004）。 数据文件包含以下信息：每个源的探测时间（协调世界时当日秒数）、源位置的纬度、经度与海拔（分别为十进制度与米）、与数据处理相关的约化卡方（χ²）值（无量纲），以及指示参与每个源位置解算的传感器的站掩码（无量纲）。这些数据采用逐行格式存储，格式为(f15.9 f10.6 f11.6f 7.1 f5.2 f5.1 4x)。 2008年的数据文件还包含头部区段，用于说明阵列中每个传感器的信息及其对数据集的相对贡献。 2008年2月数据的小时文件命名约定如下： 示例文件名：LMA_NA_6.2_125_2008-02-06_10-00-00.dat.gz 各字段说明： LMA_NA：对应NALMA的LMA文件标识符 2008-02-06：年份(YYYY)-月份(MM)-日期(DD) 10-00-00：协调世界时(UTC)时间，格式为时(HH)-分(MM)-秒(SS) 2008年4月数据的命名约定如下： 示例文件名：LYLOUT_080411_180000_3600.dat.gz 各字段说明： LYLOUT：LMA文件标识符 080411：日期，格式为年份后两位(YY)-月份(MM)-日期(DD) 180000：协调世界时(UTC)时间，格式为时(HH)-分(MM)-秒(SS) 3600：文件覆盖时段长度，单位为秒（3600秒=1小时） ARMOR数据为14个采样体数据集，分别对应2008年2月6日1002 UTC至1119 UTC、2008年4月11日1844 UTC至1952 UTC的时段。每个原始格式与处理后的UF文件均包含水平反射率（dBZ）、差分反射率（dB）、多普勒速度（m·s⁻¹）、谱宽（m·s⁻¹）、差分相位（°）与总功率（dBZ）数据。 水平反射率与差分反射率数据已进行衰减与差分衰减校正，差分传播相位（°）经估算得到，比差分相位（°·km⁻¹）则在后处理阶段计算得到（Hubbert与Bringi，1995；Bringi等，2001）。 致谢：NALMA数据的采集得到NASA马歇尔航天飞行中心项目NNM05AA22A的支持。 参考文献： 1. Bringi, V. N., Keenan, T. D., & Chandrasekar, V. (2001). 校正降雨衰减对C波段雷达反射率与差分反射率数据的影响：一种带约束的自洽方法. 《IEEE地球科学与遥感汇刊（IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing）》, 39(9), 1906–1915. https://doi.org/10.1109/36.951081 2. Hubbert, J., & Bringi, V. N. (1995). 用于同极化差分相位与双频雷达测量分析的迭代滤波技术. 《大气与海洋技术杂志（Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology）》, 12, 643–648. 3. Koshak, W. J., Solakiewicz, R. J., Blakeslee, R. J., Goodman, S. J., Christian, H. J., Hall, J. M., et al. (2004). 北阿拉巴马州闪电测绘阵列（NALMA）：甚高频源反演算法与误差分析. 《大气与海洋技术杂志》, 21(4), 543–558. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0543:NALMAL>2.0.CO;2 4. Rison, W., Thomas, R. J., Krehbiel, P. R., Hamlin, T., & Harlin, J. (1999). 基于GPS的三维闪电测绘系统：新墨西哥州中部的初步观测. 《地球物理研究通讯（Geophysical Research Letters）》, 26(23), 3573–3576. 5. Thomas, R. J., Krehbiel, P. R., Hamlin, T., Harlin, J., & Shown, D. (2001). 闪电辐射的甚高频源功率观测. 《地球物理研究通讯》, 28(1), 143–146. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011464
