Effects of sex and morphology on stinging and sprinting performance. For each effect, the table depicts p-values, test statistics, and (for all p≤0.10) direction of effect.

aNot controlling for effects of covariates.bThe effects of relative metasoma thickness are qualitatively the same as sex.cOverall model includes additional control covariates for sting rate and latency (see Methods).a. 未对协变量（covariates）的效应进行控制。b. 相对后腹部（metasoma）厚度的效应在定性上与性别效应一致。c. 完整模型额外纳入了刺蛰率与潜伏期的控制协变量（详见方法部分）。