Characteristics of patients with TBI.

TBI: trauma brain injury; ED:emergence department; RCTs: randomized controlled trials; ICP+: intracranial pressure monitoring; ICP-: no intracranial pressure monitoring; AIS: abbreviated injury score; GCS: glasgow coma scale; GOSE: the extended glasgow outcome scale; FIM: functional independence measure; GOS: glasgow outcome scale; ISS: injury severity score; AIS: abbreviated injury scale; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; EVD: external ventricular drain; NOS: newcastle - ottawa quality assessment scale; NA: not available.* Data from correspondence author.†A paper with NOS score ≥7 points was regarded as the paper with high-quality study.