SDG India Index 2020-21 Goal 13 - CLIMATE ACTION

Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts The greenhouse gas emissions from human activities are driving climate change and continue to rise. They are now at their highest levels in history. Global emissions of carbon dioxide have increased by almost 50% since 1990. The atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have increased to levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years. Carbon dioxide concentrations have increased by 40% since pre-industrial times, primarily from fossil fuel emissions and secondarily from net land use change emissions. The ocean has absorbed about 30% of the emitted anthropogenic carbon dioxide, causing ocean acidification. Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850. In the Northern Hemisphere, 1983-2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1,400 years. From 1880 to 2012, average global temperature increased by 0.85°C. Without action, the world’s average surface temperature is projected to rise over the 21st century and is likely to surpass 3 degrees Celsius this century – with some areas of the world, including in the tropics and subtropics, expected to warm even more. The poorest and most vulnerable people are being affected the most. The rate of sea level rise since the mid-19th century has been larger than the mean rate during the previous two millennia. Over the period 1901 to 2010, global mean sea level rose by 0.19 [0.17 to 0.21] meters. From 1901 to 2010, the global average sea level rose by 19 cm as oceans expanded due to warming and melted ice. The Arctic’s sea ice extent has shrunk in every successive decade since 1979, with 1.07 million km² of ice loss every decade. It is still possible, using an array of technological measures and changes in behaviour, to limit the increase in global mean temperature to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. There are multiple mitigation pathways to achieve the substantial emissions reductions over the next few decades necessary to limit, with a greater than 66% chance, the warming to 2ºC – the goal set by governments. However, delaying additional mitigation to 2030 will substantially increase the technological, economic, social and institutional challenges associated with limiting the warming over the 21 century to below 2 ºC relative to pre-industrial levels. India has committed to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 20 to 25% by 2020. Data source: https://sdgindiaindex.niti.gov.in/#/download This map layer is offered by Esri India, for ArcGIS Online subscribers, If you have any questions or comments, please let us know via [e-mail].可持续发展目标13：采取紧急行动应对气候变化及其影响。人类活动产生的温室气体排放正在驱动气候变化，且排放量持续攀升，目前已达历史最高水平。自1990年以来，全球二氧化碳排放量已增长近50%。大气中二氧化碳、甲烷与一氧化二氮的浓度已升至至少过去80万年来前所未有的水平。自工业化前时代起，二氧化碳浓度已上升40%，其中主要来源为化石燃料排放，次要来源为土地利用变化的净排放。海洋已吸收约30%的人为排放二氧化碳，由此引发海洋酸化。 近三个十年的地球地表温度，均依次高于1850年以来的任何此前十年。在北半球，1983-2012年很可能是过去1400年中最热的30年时段。1880年至2012年，全球平均气温上升了0.85℃。 若不采取行动，预计21世纪全球平均地表温度将持续上升，本世纪内很可能突破3℃——全球部分区域（包括热带与亚热带）的升温幅度或将更高。最贫困且最脆弱的人群受影响最为严重。 19世纪中期以来的海平面上升速率，超过了此前两千年的平均速率。1901年至2010年期间，全球平均海平面上升了0.19米（区间为0.17至0.21米）。1901年至2010年，由于海洋受热膨胀与冰川消融，全球平均海平面上升了19厘米。自1979年以来，北极海冰范围每十年均出现缩减，每十年减少107万平方公里。 通过一系列技术手段与行为变革，仍有可能将全球平均温度升幅限制在较工业化前水平高出2℃的范围内。各国政府设定的2℃温控目标，要求未来数十年实现大幅减排，目前存在多种减排路径，可将升温控制在2℃以内的概率提升至66%以上。但若将额外减排措施推迟至2030年，相较于将21世纪升温限制在较工业化前水平2℃以下的目标，届时需克服的技术、经济、社会与制度挑战将大幅增加。 印度已承诺到2020年将其GDP的排放强度降低20%至25%。 数据来源：https://sdgindiaindex.niti.gov.in/#/download 本地图图层由印度Esri为ArcGIS Online订阅用户提供。如有任何疑问或意见，请通过[e-mail]与我们联系。