CitiesGOER: Globally Observed Environmental Data for 52,602 Cities with a Population ≥ 5000
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CitiesGOER is a database that provides environmental data for 52,602 cities and 48 environmental variables, including 38 bioclimatic variables, 8 soil variables and 2 topographic variables. Data were extracted from the same 30 arc-seconds global grid layers that were prepared when making the TreeGOER (Tree Globally Observed Environmental Ranges) database that is available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922927. Details on the preparations of these layers are provided by Kindt, R. (2023). TreeGOER: A database with globally observed environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species. Global Change Biology 29: 6303–6318. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914. CitiesGOER was designed to be used together with TreeGOER and possibly also with the GlobalUsefulNativeTrees database (Kindt et al. 2023) to allow users to filter suitable tree species based on environmental conditions of the planting site. The identities and coordinates of cities were sourced from a data set with information for cities with a population size larger than 1000 that was created by Opendatasoft and made available from https://public.opendatasoft.com/explore/dataset/geonames-all-cities-with-a-population-1000/table/?disjunctive.cou_name_en&sort=name. The data was downloaded on 22-JULY-2023 and afterwards filtered for cities with a population of 5000 or above. Cities where information on the country was missing were removed. The coordinates of cities were used to extract the environmental data via the terra package (Hijmans et al. 2022, version 1.6-47) in the R 4.2.1 environment. Version 2023.08 provided median values from 23 Global Climate Models (GCMs) for Shared Socio-Economic Pathway (SSP) 1-2.6 and from 18 GCMs for SSP 3-7.0, both for the 2050s (2041-2060). Similar methods were used to calculate these median values as in the case studies for the TreeGOER manuscript (calculations were partially done via the BiodiversityR::ensemble.envirem.run function and with downscaled bioclimatic and monthly climate 2.5 arc-minutes future grid layers available from WorldClim 2.1). Version 2023.09 used similar methods as for previous versions to provide median values from 13 GCMs for the 2090s (2081-2100) for SSP 5-8.5. The locations of the 52,602 cities are mapped in one of the series available from the TreeGOER Global Zones atlas that can be obtained from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8252756. Version 2024.10 includes a new data set that documents the location of the city locations in Holdridge Life Zones. Information is given for historical (1901-1920), contemporary (1979-2013) and future (2061-2080; separately for RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) climates inferred from global raster layers that are available for download from DRYAD and were created for the following article: Elsen et al. 2022. Accelerated shifts in terrestrial life zones under rapid climate change. Global Change Biology, 28, 918–935. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15962. Version 2024.10 further includes Holdridge Life Zones for the climates that were available from the previous versions, calculating biotemperatures and life zones with similar methods as used by Holdridge (1947; 1967) and Elsen et al. (2022) (for future climates, median values were determined first for monthly maximum and minimum temperatures across GCMs ). The distributions of the 48,129 species documented in TreeGOER across the Holdridge Life Zones are given in this Zenodo archive: https://zenodo.org/records/14020914. Version 2024.11 includes a new data set that documents the location of the city locations in Köppen-Geiger climate zones. Information is given for historical (1901-1930, 1931-1960, 1961-1990) and future (2041-2070 and 2071-2099) climates, with for the future climates seven scenarios each (SSP 1-1.9, SSP 1-2.6, SSP 2-4.5, SSP 3-7.0, SSP 4-3.4, SSP 4-6.0 and SSP 5-8.5). This data set was created from 30 arc-second raster layers available via: Beck, H.E., McVicar, T.R., Vergopolan, N. et al. High-resolution (1 km) Köppen-Geiger maps for 1901–2099 based on constrained CMIP6 projections. Sci Data 10, 724 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02549-6 Version 2025.03 includes extra columns for the baseline, 2050s and 2090s datasets that partially correspond to climate zones used in the GlobalUsefulNativeTrees database. One of these zones are the Whittaker biome types, available as a polygon from the plotbiomes package (see also here). Whittaker biome types were extracted with similar R scripts as described by Kindt 2025 (these were also used to calculate environmental ranges of TreeGOER species, as archived here). Version 2025.03 further includes information for the baseline climate on the steady state water table depth, obtained from a 30 arc-seconds raster layer calculated by the GLOBGM v1.0 model (Verkaik et al. 2024). Also included was the elevation, obtained from the same WorldClim 2.1 raster layer used to prepare TreeGOER. As an alternative to CitiesGOER, the ClimateForecasts database (https://zenodo.org/records/10776414) documents the environmental conditions at the locations of 15,504 weather stations. ClimateForecasts was integrated in the GlobalUsefulNativeTrees database (see Kindt et al. 2023). When using CitiesGOER in your work, cite this depository and the following: Fick, S. E., & Hijmans, R. J. (2017). WorldClim 2: New 1‐km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 37(12), 4302–4315. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086 Title, P. O., & Bemmels, J. B. (2018). ENVIREM: An expanded set of bioclimatic and topographic variables increases flexibility and improves performance of ecological niche modeling. Ecography, 41(2), 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02880 Poggio, L., de Sousa, L. M., Batjes, N. H., Heuvelink, G. B. M., Kempen, B., Ribeiro, E., & Rossiter, D. (2021). SoilGrids 2.0: Producing soil information for the globe with quantified spatial uncertainty. SOIL, 7(1), 217–240. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-217-2021 Kindt, R. (2023). TreeGOER: A database with globally observed environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species. Global Change Biology 29: 6303–6318. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914. Opendatasoft (2023) Geonames - All Cities with a population > 1000. https://public.opendatasoft.com/explore/dataset/geonames-all-cities-with-a-population-1000/information/?disjunctive.cou_name_en&sort=name (accessed 22-JULY-2023) When using information from the Holdridge Life Zones, also cite: Elsen, P. R., Saxon, E. C., Simmons, B. A., Ward, M., Williams, B. A., Grantham, H. S., Kark, S., Levin, N., Perez-Hammerle, K.-V., Reside, A. E., & Watson, J. E. M. (2022). Accelerated shifts in terrestrial life zones under rapid climate change. Global Change Biology, 28, 918–935. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15962 When using information from Köppen-Geiger climate zones, also cite: Beck, H.E., McVicar, T.R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A., Lutsko, N.J., Dufour, A., Zeng, Z., Jiang, X., van Dijk, A.I. and Miralles, D.G. 2023. High-resolution (1 km) Köppen-Geiger maps for 1901–2099 based on constrained CMIP6 projections. Sci Data 10, 724. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02549-6 When using information on the Whittaker biome types, also cite: Ricklefs, R. E., Relyea, R. (2018). Ecology: The Economy of Nature. United States: W.H. Freeman. Whittaker, R. H. (1970). Communities and ecosystems. Valentin Ștefan, & Sam Levin. (2018). plotbiomes: R package for plotting Whittaker biomes with ggplot2 (v1.0.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145245 When using information on the steady state water table depth, also cite: Verkaik, J., Sutanudjaja, E. H., Oude Essink, G. H., Lin, H. X., & Bierkens, M. F. (2024). GLOBGM v1. 0: a parallel implementation of a 30 arcsec PCR-GLOBWB-MODFLOW global-scale groundwater model. Geoscientific Model Development, 17(1), 275-300. https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/17/275/2024/ The development of CitiesGOER was supported by the Darwin Initiative to project DAREX001 of Developing a Global Biodiversity Standard certification for tree-planting and restoration, by Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative through the Royal Norwegian Embassy in Ethiopia to the Provision of Adequate Tree Seed Portfolio project in Ethiopia, and by the Green Climate Fund through the IUCN-led Transforming the Eastern Province of Rwanda through Adaptation project. Development of version 2024.10 was further supported by the Green Climate Fund through the Readiness proposal on Climate Appropriate Portfolios of Tree Diversity for Burkina Faso project, by the Bezos Earth Fund to the Quality Tree Seed for Africa in Kenya and Rwanda project and by the German International Climate Initiative (IKI) to the regional tree seed programme on The Right Tree for the Right Place for the Right Purpose in Africa.
CitiesGOER是一个为52602个城市提供环境数据的数据库，涵盖48项环境变量，其中包括38个生物气候变量（bioclimatic variables）、8个土壤变量（soil variables）以及2个地形变量（topographic variables）。本数据库的数据提取自构建TreeGOER（全球树木观测环境范围数据库，Tree Globally Observed Environmental Ranges）时所制备的同一套30弧秒（arc-seconds）全球网格图层，TreeGOER可通过https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922927获取。该图层的制备细节见Kindt R.（2023）的研究：《TreeGOER：涵盖48129个树种的全球观测环境范围数据库》，发表于*Global Change Biology* 29卷：6303–6318，链接为https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914。CitiesGOER的设计初衷是与TreeGOER，以及可能的GlobalUsefulNativeTrees数据库（Kindt等，2023）配合使用，以便用户根据种植场地的环境条件筛选适配的树种。 城市的标识与坐标源自Opendatasoft制作的人口规模大于1000的城市数据集，该数据集可通过https://public.opendatasoft.com/explore/dataset/geonames-all-cities-with-a-population-1000/table/?disjunctive.cou_name_en&sort=name获取。本数据集于2023年7月22日下载，后续进一步筛选得到人口≥5000的城市，并剔除了缺失国家信息的城市。依托城市坐标，研究人员在R 4.2.1环境中通过terra包（Hijmans等，2022，版本1.6-47）提取得到对应环境数据。 2023.08版本提供了2050年代（2041-2060年）的中位数数据：针对共享社会经济路径（SSP，Shared Socio-Economic Pathway）1-2.6，使用23个全球气候模型（GCMs，Global Climate Models）的结果；针对SSP 3-7.0，使用18个GCM的结果。上述中位数的计算方法与TreeGOER论文中的案例研究一致（部分计算通过BiodiversityR::ensemble.envirem.run函数完成，同时使用了源自WorldClim 2.1的降尺度生物气候与月度气候2.5弧分未来网格图层）。 2023.09版本沿用了此前版本的方法，提供了2090年代（2081-2100年）针对SSP 5-8.5的中位数数据，该数据基于13个GCM的结果计算得到。 本数据库收录的52602个城市的点位，可在TreeGOER全球地带地图集的系列图件中查看，该地图集可通过https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8252756获取。 2024.10版本新增了一套数据集，记录了各城市在霍奇里奇生命带（Holdridge Life Zones）中的位置。该数据集涵盖历史（1901-1920年）、当代（1979-2013年）以及未来（2061-2080年，分别对应典型浓度路径RCP 4.5与RCP 8.5）的气候情景数据，数据源自DRYAD可下载的全球栅格图层，该图层由以下研究制作：Elsen等，2022年，《快速气候变化下陆地生命带的加速迁移》，发表于*Global Change Biology* 28卷：918–935，链接为https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15962。2024.10版本还为此前版本的气候数据补充了霍奇里奇生命带信息，其生物温度与生命带的计算方法参考了Holdridge（1947；1967）与Elsen等（2022）的研究（针对未来气候，首先基于各GCM的月度最高、最低温计算中位数）。TreeGOER收录的48129个树种在霍奇里奇生命带中的分布情况，可通过此Zenodo存档获取：https://zenodo.org/records/14020914。 2024.11版本新增了一套数据集，记录了各城市在柯本-盖格气候区（Köppen-Geiger climate zones）中的位置。该数据集涵盖历史时段（1901-1930年、1931-1960年、1961-1990年）与未来时段（2041-2070年、2071-2099年）的气候情景，其中未来气候包含7种SSP情景（SSP 1-1.9、SSP 1-2.6、SSP 2-4.5、SSP 3-7.0、SSP 4-3.4、SSP 4-6.0与SSP 5-8.5）。本数据集基于Beck等（2023）公开的30弧秒栅格图层制作，相关研究为：《基于约束CMIP6投影的1901–2099年高分辨率（1 km）柯本-盖格地图》，发表于*Sci Data* 10卷，724（2023），链接为https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02549-6。 2025.03版本为基线、2050年代与2090年代的数据集新增了若干列，部分列对应GlobalUsefulNativeTrees数据库中使用的气候分区。其中一类分区为惠特克生物群系类型（Whittaker biome types），该数据可通过plotbiomes包获取（详见相关说明）。惠特克生物群系类型的提取使用了与Kindt（2025）描述一致的R脚本（该脚本也曾用于计算TreeGOER树种的环境范围，存档见对应链接）。 2025.03版本还补充了基线气候的稳态地下水位深度（steady state water table depth）数据，该数据源自GLOBGM v1.0模型制备的30弧秒栅格图层（Verkaik等，2024）。此外还补充了海拔数据，该数据提取自制备TreeGOER时使用的同一套WorldClim 2.1栅格图层。 作为CitiesGOER的替代方案，ClimateForecasts数据库（https://zenodo.org/records/10776414）记录了15504个气象站点位的环境条件。ClimateForecasts已集成至GlobalUsefulNativeTrees数据库中（详见Kindt等，2023）。 ### 使用CitiesGOER的引用要求 若在研究中使用CitiesGOER，请引用本数据库及以下文献： 1. Fick, S. E., & Hijmans, R. J. (2017). WorldClim 2: New 1‐km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. *International Journal of Climatology*, 37(12), 4302–4315. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086 2. Title, P. O., & Bemmels, J. B. (2018). ENVIREM: An expanded set of bioclimatic and topographic variables increases flexibility and improves performance of ecological niche modeling. *Ecography*, 41(2), 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02880 3. Poggio, L., de Sousa, L. M., Batjes, N. H., Heuvelink, G. B. M., Kempen, B., Ribeiro, E., & Rossiter, D. (2021). SoilGrids 2.0: Producing soil information for the globe with quantified spatial uncertainty. *SOIL*, 7(1), 217–240. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-217-2021 4. Kindt, R. (2023). TreeGOER: A database with globally observed environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species. *Global Change Biology* 29: 6303–6318. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914 5. Opendatasoft (2023) Geonames - All Cities with a population > 1000. https://public.opendatasoft.com/explore/dataset/geonames-all-cities-with-a-population-1000/information/?disjunctive.cou_name_en&sort=name (访问于2023年7月22日) #### 若使用霍奇里奇生命带相关数据，请额外引用： Elsen, P. R., Saxon, E. C., Simmons, B. A., Ward, M., Williams, B. A., Grantham, H. S., Kark, S., Levin, N., Perez-Hammerle, K.-V., Reside, A. E., & Watson, J. E. M. (2022). Accelerated shifts in terrestrial life zones under rapid climate change. *Global Change Biology*, 28, 918–935. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15962 #### 若使用柯本-盖格气候区相关数据，请额外引用： Beck, H.E., McVicar, T.R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A., Lutsko, N.J., Dufour, A., Zeng, Z., Jiang, X., van Dijk, A.I. and Miralles, D.G. 2023. High-resolution (1 km) Köppen-Geiger maps for 1901–2099 based on constrained CMIP6 projections. *Sci Data* 10, 724. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02549-6 #### 若使用惠特克生物群系类型相关数据，请额外引用： 1. Ricklefs, R. E., Relyea, R. (2018). *Ecology: The Economy of Nature*. 美国：W.H. Freeman. 2. Whittaker, R. H. (1970). *Communities and ecosystems*. 3. Valentin Ștefan, & Sam Levin. (2018). plotbiomes: R package for plotting Whittaker biomes with ggplot2 (v1.0.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145245 #### 若使用稳态地下水位深度相关数据，请额外引用： Verkaik, J., Sutanudjaja, E. H., Oude Essink, G. H., Lin, H. X., & Bierkens, M. F. (2024). GLOBGM v1. 0: a parallel implementation of a 30 arcsec PCR-GLOBWB-MODFLOW global-scale groundwater model. *Geoscientific Model Development*, 17(1), 275-300. https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/17/275/2024/ ### 资助信息 CitiesGOER的开发得到了以下项目的支持：达尔文倡议的DAREX001项目（开发全球树木种植与修复的生物多样性标准认证）、挪威国际气候与森林倡议通过挪威驻埃塞俄比亚大使馆资助的埃塞俄比亚适配林木种子组合项目，以及绿色气候基金通过IUCN主导的卢旺达东部省适应转型项目。2024.10版本的开发还得到了绿色气候基金通过布基纳法索气候适配林木种子组合准备项目、贝佐斯地球基金通过肯尼亚与卢旺达的非洲优质林木种子项目，以及德国国际气候倡议（IKI）通过非洲“适地适树适用途”区域林木种子计划的支持。
