The Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Spent Cider Yeast on the Swine Distal Gut Microbiome

BackgroundThere is an increasing need for alternatives to antibiotics for promoting animal health, given the increasing problems associated with antibiotic resistance. In this regard, we evaluated spent cider yeast as a potential probiotic for modifying the gut microbiota in weanling pigs using pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene libraries.Methodology and Principal FindingsPiglets aged 24–26 days were assigned to one of two study groups; control (n = 12) and treatment (n = 12). The control animals were fed with a basal diet and the treatment animals were fed with basal diet in combination with cider yeast supplement (500 ml cider yeast containing ∼7.6 log CFU/ml) for 21 days. Faecal samples were collected for 16s rRNA gene compositional analysis. 16S rRNA compositional sequencing analysis of the faecal samples collected from day 0 and day 21 revealed marked differences in microbial diversity at both the phylum and genus levels between the control and treatment groups. This analysis confirmed that levels of Salmonella and Escherichia were significantly decreased in the treatment group, compared with the control (PConclusions/SignificanceThe effect of dietary cider yeast on porcine gut microbial communities was characterized for the first time using 16S rRNA gene compositional sequencing. Dietary cider yeast can potentially alter the gut microbiota, however such changes depend on their endogenous microbiota that causes a divergence in relative response to that given diet.背景：随着抗生素耐药性相关问题日趋严峻，开发抗生素替代品以促进动物健康的需求日益迫切。在此背景下，本研究借助16S rRNA基因文库（16S rRNA gene libraries）焦磷酸测序（pyrosequencing）技术，评估了废弃苹果酒酵母作为潜在益生菌（probiotic），用于调控断奶仔猪肠道菌群（gut microbiota）的可行性。 研究方法与主要结果：选取24~26日龄的仔猪，随机分为两组：对照组（n=12）与处理组（n=12）。对照组仔猪饲喂基础日粮，处理组仔猪则在基础日粮中添加苹果酒酵母补充剂（每500ml苹果酒酵母含约7.6 log CFU/ml菌落形成单位（Colony Forming Unit, CFU)），连续饲喂21天。采集粪便样本用于16S rRNA基因组成分析。对第0天和第21天采集的粪便样本进行16S rRNA组成测序分析后发现，对照组与处理组在菌群的门水平和属水平均存在显著的微生物多样性差异。分析结果证实，相较于对照组，处理组仔猪粪便中沙门氏菌属（Salmonella）和埃希氏菌属（Escherichia）的丰度显著降低（P）。 结论与意义：本研究首次利用16S rRNA基因组成测序技术，解析了日粮添加苹果酒酵母对猪肠道微生物群落的调控作用。日粮添加苹果酒酵母可在一定程度上改变肠道菌群结构，但此类调控效果取决于宿主自身的内源菌群，不同个体对该日粮的相对响应存在差异。