Data used in the simulations.

Forests play a crucial role in Europe’s strategy for achieving carbon neutrality. Carbon turnover time - the time that carbon spends in the ecosystem - is a fundamental component in determining forest potential to mitigate climate change. However, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding how current and future forest management practices will affect carbon turnover time. This study aims to compare the effects of various forest management strategies on carbon turnover time in European forests. To achieve this, we used the dynamic global vegetation model LPJ-GUESS to simulate carbon pools and fluxes under stylised forest management scenarios mainly based on changing species composition. We calculated carbon turnover times under two conditions: first, with constant climate and CO2 concentration to assess the isolated impact of forest management; second, under a climate change scenario (SSP3-RCP7.0) to evaluate the combined effects of forest management and climate change. Our results indicate that unmanaged forests and the transition to broadleaved deciduous forests have a similar ecosystem carbon turnover time, which is the longest among all the management options across all the European climatic zones. Climate change decreases ecosystem carbon turnover time in any forest management, in a similar way, especially in cold climates. This study is the first step to include forest management when modelling carbon turnover time and indicates how the shift towards broadleaved forests, which is seen as an important climate-change adaptation strategy in many European regions, can also provide co-benefits for climate-change mitigation.森林在欧洲实现碳中和的战略中扮演着至关重要的角色。碳周转时间（carbon turnover time）——即碳在生态系统中留存的时长——是决定森林减缓气候变化潜力的核心要素。然而，当前关于现有及未来森林管理实践将如何影响碳周转时间的认知仍存在显著缺口。本研究旨在对比不同森林管理策略对欧洲森林碳周转时间的影响。为此，本研究采用动态全球植被模型LPJ-GUESS，在以物种组成变化为核心的标准化森林管理情景下，模拟碳库与碳通量。我们在两种条件下计算了碳周转时间：其一，在气候与二氧化碳浓度恒定的情景下，以评估森林管理的独立影响；其二，在气候变化情景（SSP3-RCP7.0）下，以评估森林管理与气候变化的协同效应。研究结果显示，未受管理的森林以及向阔叶落叶林的转型生态系统拥有相近的生态系统碳周转时间，且在全欧洲气候带的所有管理方案中，该周转时间为最长。气候变化会以相似的方式缩短所有森林管理模式下的生态系统碳周转时间，在寒冷气候区尤为显著。本研究首次在碳周转时间建模中纳入森林管理因素，并表明，在诸多欧洲地区被视为重要气候变化适应策略的向阔叶落叶林转型的举措，同时也能为气候变化减缓带来协同效益。