Routine to reproduce figures and graphs.

The Pambamarca fortress complex in northern Ecuador is a cultural and built heritage with 18 prehispanic fortresses known as Pucaras. They are mostly located on the ridge of the Pambamarca volcano, which is severely affected by erosion. In this research, we implemented a multiscale methodology to identify sheet, rill and gully erosion in the context of climate change for the prehistoric sites. In a first phase, we coupled the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and four CMIP6 climate models to evaluate and prioritize which Pucaras are prone to sheet and rill erosion, after comparing historical and future climate scenarios. Then, we conducted field visits to collect geophotos and soil samples for validation purposes, as well as drone flight campaigns to derive high resolution digital elevation models and identify gully erosion with the stream power index. Our erosion maps achieved an overall accuracy of 0.75 when compared with geophotos and correlated positively with soil samples sand fraction. The Pucaras evaluated with the historical climate scenario obtained erosion rates ranging between 0 and 20 ton*ha-1*yr-1. These rates also varied from -15.7% to 39.1% for four future climate change models that reported extreme conditions. In addition, after identifying and overflying six Pucaras that showed the highest erosion rates in the future climate models, we mapped their gully-prone areas that represented between 0.9% and 3.2% of their analyzed areas. The proposed methodology allowed us to observe how the design of the Pucaras and their concentric terraces have managed to reduce gully erosion, but also to notice the pressures they suffer due to their susceptibility to erosion, anthropic pressures and climate change. To address this, we suggest management strategies to guide the protection of this cultural and built heritage landscapes.厄瓜多尔北部的潘巴马卡堡垒群是一处兼具文化与建筑价值的遗产地，内含18处被称为普卡拉（Pucaras）的史前堡垒。这些遗迹大多坐落于潘巴马卡火山山脊之上，该区域正遭受严重的侵蚀影响。本研究采用多尺度方法，针对这些史前遗址在气候变化背景下的面蚀、细沟侵蚀与冲沟侵蚀开展识别工作。第一阶段，我们结合修正通用土壤流失方程（Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, RUSLE）与四个CMIP6气候模式，通过对比历史与未来气候情景，评估并排序出易受面蚀与细沟侵蚀威胁的普卡拉遗迹。随后，我们开展野外考察以收集实地照片与土壤样本用于验证，并实施无人机航拍作业以获取高分辨率数字高程模型，结合水流功率指数识别冲沟侵蚀区域。经与实地照片比对，本研究生成的侵蚀图总体精度达0.75，且与土壤样本中的砂粒组分呈显著正相关。采用历史气候情景评估的普卡拉遗迹，其土壤侵蚀速率介于0至20吨·公顷⁻¹·年⁻¹之间。针对四个报告极端气候情景的未来气候变化模式，该侵蚀速率的变化幅度为-15.7%至39.1%。此外，我们在未来气候模式中识别出侵蚀速率最高的六处普卡拉遗迹并开展航拍，绘制出其冲沟易发区域，该区域占对应分析区域的0.9%至3.2%。本研究提出的方法不仅揭示了普卡拉遗迹及其同心梯田的设计如何有效减缓冲沟侵蚀，同时也凸显了这些遗迹面临的侵蚀易感性、人为压力与气候变化带来的多重威胁。为此，我们提出相应的管理策略，以指导该文化与建筑遗产景观的保护工作。