Atmospheric Boundary Layer Measurements on the Weddell Sea Drifting Station

Abstract: Location: Ice camp on perennial sea ice in the southwestern corner of the Weddell Sea, Antarctic

The first direct radiative and turbulent surface flux measurements ever made over floating Antarctic sea ice. The data are from Ice Station Weddell as it drifted in the western Weddell Sea from February to late May 1992.

Data Types:

Hourly measurements of the turbulent surface fluxes of momentum and sensible and latent heat by eddy covariance at a height of 4.65 m above snow-covered sea ice. Instruments were a 3-axis sonic anemometer/thermometer and a Lyman-alpha hygrometer.

Hourly, surface-level measurements of the four radiation components: in-coming and out-going longwave and shortwave radiation. Instruments were hemispherical pyranometers and pyrgeometers.

Hourly mean values of standard meteorological variables: air temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed and direction, barometric pressure, surface temperature. Instruments were a propeller-vane for wind speed and direction and cooled-mirror dew-point hygrometers and platinum resistance thermometers for dew-points and temperatures. Surface temperature came from a Barnes PRT-5 infrared thermometer.

Flux Data
The entire data kit is bundled as a zip file named ISW_Flux_Data.zip
The main data file is comma delimited.
The README file is ASCII.
The associated reprints of publications are in pdf.

Radiosounding data: On Ice Station Weddell, typically twice a day from 21 February through 4 June 1992 made with both tethered (i.e., only boundary-layer profiles) and (more rarely) free-flying sondes that did not measure wind speed. (168 soundings).

ISW Radiosoundings
The entire data kit is bundled as a zip file named ISW_Radiosounding.zip.
The README file is in ASCII.
Two summary files that include the list of sounding and the declinations are in ASCII.
The 168 individual sounding files are in ASCII.
Two supporting publications that describe the data and some analyses are in pdf.

Radiosounding data collected from the Russian ship Akademic Fedorov from 26 May through 5 June 1992 at 6-hourly intervals as it approached Ice Station Weddell from the north. These soundings include wind vector, temperature, humidity, and pressure. (40 soundings)

Akademic Federov Radiosoundings
The entire data kit is bundled as a zip file named Akad_Federov_Radiosounding.zip.
The README file is in ASCII.
A summary file that lists the soundings is in ASCII.
The 40 individual sounding files are in ASCII.
Two supporting publications that describe the data and some analyses are in pdf.

Documentation:

Andreas, E. L, and K. J. Claffey, 1995: Air-ice drag coefficients in the western Weddell Sea: 1. Values deduced from profile measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 4821–4831.

Andreas, E. L, K. J. Claffey, and A. P. Makshtas, 2000: Low-level atmospheric jets and inversions over the western Weddell Sea. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 97, 459–486.

Andreas, E. L, R. E. Jordan, and A. P. Makshtas, 2004: Simulations of snow, ice, and near-surface atmospheric processes on Ice Station Weddell. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 5, 611–624.

Andreas, E. L, R. E. Jordan, and A. P. Makshtas, 2005: Parameterizing turbulent exchange over sea ice: The Ice Station Weddell results. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 114, 439–460.

Andreas, E. L, P. O. G. Persson, R. E. Jordan, T. W. Horst, P. S. Guest, A. A. Grachev, and C. W. Fairall, 2010: Parameterizing turbulent exchange over sea ice in winter. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 11, 87–104.

Claffey, K. J., E. L Andreas, and A. P. Makshtas, 1994: Upper-air data collected on Ice Station Weddell. Special Report 94-25, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, 62 pp.

ISW Group, 1993: Weddell Sea exploration from ice station. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 74, 121–126.

Makshtas, A. P., E. L Andreas, P. N. Svyaschennikov, and V. F. Timachev, 1999: Accounting for clouds in sea ice models. Atmospheric Research, 52, 77–113.

摘要：研究地点：位于南极威德尔海西南角的多年海冰冰营。
本数据集是全球首次在南极浮冰上开展的直接辐射与湍流地表通量观测数据，数据来源于1992年2月至5月末在威德尔海西部漂移的威德尔海冰站（Ice Station Weddell）。

数据类型：
1. 积雪覆盖海冰上方4.65米高度处，通过涡动协方差法获取的动量、感热与潜热湍流地表通量逐小时观测数据。观测仪器包括三轴超声风速计/温度计以及莱曼阿尔法湿度计（Lyman-alpha hygrometer）。
2. 地表层面的四种辐射分量逐小时观测数据：入射与出射长波辐射、入射与出射短波辐射。观测仪器为半球形总辐射表（hemispherical pyranometers）与净辐射表（pyrgeometers）。
3. 常规气象变量逐小时平均值数据，包括气温、露点温度、风速与风向、气压以及地表温度。观测仪器包括用于风速风向测量的螺旋桨式风标，用于露点与温度测量的冷却镜式湿度计以及铂电阻温度计；地表温度由Barnes PRT-5红外温度计获取。

通量数据
整套数据集打包为名为`ISW_Flux_Data.zip`的压缩文件。主数据文件为逗号分隔格式。说明文档（README）为ASCII编码格式。相关出版物重印本为PDF格式。

威德尔海冰站无线电探空数据：1992年2月21日至6月4日期间，威德尔海冰站每日通常开展两次探空，使用系留探空仪（仅获取边界层廓线）与少量无测风功能的自由飞行探空仪，共计168次探空数据。

威德尔海冰站探空数据集
整套数据集打包为名为`ISW_Radiosounding.zip`的压缩文件。说明文档为ASCII编码格式。包含探空清单与磁偏角信息的两份汇总文件为ASCII格式。168份单探空数据文件均为ASCII格式。用于说明数据集与相关分析的两篇配套出版物为PDF格式。

费奥多罗夫院士号（Akademic Fedorov）无线电探空数据：1992年5月26日至6月5日期间，俄罗斯科考船费奥多罗夫院士号从北向威德尔海冰站航行期间，每6小时开展一次探空，共计40次数据，包含风矢量、气温、湿度与气压信息。

费奥多罗夫院士号探空数据集
整套数据集打包为名为`Akad_Federov_Radiosounding.zip`的压缩文件。说明文档为ASCII编码格式。包含探空清单的汇总文件为ASCII格式。40份单探空数据文件均为ASCII格式。用于说明数据集与相关分析的两篇配套出版物为PDF格式。

参考文献
1. Andreas, E. L. 与 Claffey, K. J.，1995年：《威德尔海西部的冰-空气阻力系数：1. 由廓线观测推导的数值》，《地球物理研究杂志》（*Journal of Geophysical Research*），100卷，4821–4831页。
2. Andreas, E. L.、Claffey, K. J. 与 Makshtas, A. P.，2000年：《威德尔海西部的低层大气急流与逆温》，《边界层气象学》（*Boundary-Layer Meteorology*），97卷，459–486页。
3. Andreas, E. L.、Jordan, R. E. 与 Makshtas, A. P.，2004年：《威德尔海冰站的积雪、海冰与近地表大气过程模拟》，《水文气象学杂志》（*Journal of Hydrometeorology*），5卷，611–624页。
4. Andreas, E. L.、Jordan, R. E. 与 Makshtas, A. P.，2005年：《海冰湍流交换参数化：威德尔海冰站研究结果》，《边界层气象学》（*Boundary-Layer Meteorology*），114卷，439–460页。
5. Andreas, E. L.、Persson, P. O. G.、Jordan, R. E.、Horst, T. W.、Guest, P. S.、Grachev, A. A. 与 Fairall, C. W.，2010年：《冬季海冰湍流交换参数化》，《水文气象学杂志》（*Journal of Hydrometeorology*），11卷，87–104页。
6. Claffey, K. J.、Andreas, E. L. 与 Makshtas, A. P.，1994年：《威德尔海冰站收集的高空探测数据》，美国陆军寒冷地区研究与工程实验室，《特种报告94-25》，新罕布什尔州汉诺威，62页。
7. 威德尔海冰站研究组，1993年：《冰站威德尔海探险》，《Eos，美国地球物理联合会汇刊》（*Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union*），74卷，121–126页。
8. Makshtas, A. P.、Andreas, E. L.、Svyaschennikov, P. N. 与 Timachev, V. F.，1999年：《海冰模式中的云量核算》，《大气研究》（*Atmospheric Research*），52卷，77–113页。