Model forcing framework for testing LDG drivers.

Population dispersal is determined either by geographic distance alone, Δ () or by a combination of geographic distance and physical barriers—such as mountains and rivers—) (M1d). Speciation begins when populations of a species become isolated either: by geographic distances Δ () or by physical barriers (Φ) (M1s). These isolated populations evolve independently through time based on their thermal tolerance (). Diverging populations become distinct after reaching a threshold of differentiation. Species ecology is drawn from environmental suitability based on species’ niche (i) and carrying capacity (ii).种群扩散（population dispersal）的决定机制可分为两种模式：其一仅由地理距离（geographic distance，Δ）主导，其二由地理距离与山脉、河流等物理屏障（physical barriers）共同作用（模型M1d）。当物种种群因地理距离Δ或物理屏障Φ发生隔离时（模型M1s），物种形成（speciation）过程便会启动。这些隔离种群会随时间基于自身的热耐受能力（thermal tolerance）独立演化。当分化种群达到分化阈值（threshold of differentiation）后，便会形成独立物种。物种生态学特征基于物种的生态位（niche，i）与承载能力（carrying capacity，ii）所对应的环境适宜性推演得到。