Development and Validation of the Physical Education Classroom Environment Scale: A Comprehensive Assessment Tool

Objectives: The physical education classroom environment significantly influences students' learning outcomes, yet a comprehensive assessment tool is lacking. This study aimed to develop and validate the Physical Education Classroom Environment Scale (PECES) for evaluating multiple dimensions of the physical education classroom environment.Methods: Scale development involved three sequential studies. Study 1 (n = 10) generated initial items through literature review and expert interviews, followed by content validity analysis. Study 2 (n = 508) examined the dimensional structure using exploratory factor analysis (EFA, n = 386) and confirmatory factor analysis. Study 3 (n = 705) validated criterion validity and tested a multiple-parallel mediation model.Results: The final scale comprised five dimensions: teacher support, student input, classroom environment, course atmosphere, and physical environment, showing satisfactory model fit (χ2/df=2.517, RMSEA = 0.052) and high internal consistency. Study 3 confirmed criterion validity and revealed that teacher support（β = 0.195, 95% CI [0.113, 0.267]） influenced student input both directly and indirectly through classroom climate（β = 0.067, 95% CI [0.033, 0.103]）, course organization（β = 0.104, 95% CI [0.067, 0.142]）, and physical environment（β = 0.072, 95% CI [0.042,0.105]）.Conclusions: The PECES demonstrates robust psychometric properties and provides a reliable tool for assessing the physical education classroom environment, contributing to the evaluation and improvement of physical education teaching practices.assessment tool; reliability and validity tests; learning engagement研究目的：体育课堂环境对学生学习成效具有显著影响，但目前仍缺乏一套全面的评估工具。本研究旨在开发并验证体育课堂环境量表（Physical Education Classroom Environment Scale，PECES），以实现对体育课堂环境多维度的评估。 研究方法：量表开发包含三项依次开展的研究。研究1（样本量n=10）通过文献综述与专家访谈生成初始条目，并开展内容效度分析。研究2（总样本量n=508）分别采用探索性因素分析（Exploratory Factor Analysis，EFA，子样本量n=386）与验证性因素分析检验量表的维度结构。研究3（n=705）用于验证效标关联效度，并检验多重平行中介模型。 研究结果：最终量表包含教师支持、学生投入、课堂环境、课程氛围与物理环境共5个维度，模型拟合效果良好（χ²/df=2.517，RMSEA=0.052），且具有较高的内部一致性。研究3验证了效标关联效度，并揭示教师支持（β=0.195，95%置信区间[0.113, 0.267]）可通过课堂氛围（β=0.067，95%置信区间[0.033, 0.103]）、课程组织（β=0.104，95%置信区间[0.067, 0.142]）与物理环境（β=0.072，95%置信区间[0.042, 0.105]）对学生投入产生直接与间接影响。 研究结论：体育课堂环境量表具备良好的心理测量学特性，可为体育课堂环境评估提供可靠工具，有助于推动体育教学实践的评价与优化。 关键词：评估工具；信效度检验；学习投入