Anuran mating systems: The role of climate, life history traits, and sex ratio

There is a great diversity of mating systems in anurans, but the factors driving this diversity remain uncharted. Here, using phylogenetic comparative methods, we explore which factors are related to the presence of mating systems in anurans and examine evolutionary patterns. We collected data for 717 anuran species and evaluated the effects of climate, temporal breeding pattern, sex ratios, terrestriality, and fecundity on their mating systems. Scramble competition and simultaneous polyandry occur more in species with aquatic eggs and oviposition sites, which have larger clutches, in habitats with high temperature seasonality, and low annual temperature/precipitation. Direct benefits occur often in species with terrestrial larger eggs and smaller clutches, which have terrestrial or sheltered oviposition sites, and in habitats with lower temperature seasonality. Only lek and polygyny were correlated with sex ratios. Most mating systems are strongly influenced by shared evolutionary hist..., We conducted a systematic review of anuran mating systems and reproductive behavior through literature searches in Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Scielo, spanning all years on record (Appendix1: Figure S1). The first search was performed on 29 March 2020, using the following keywords (Appendix1: Figure S1a): ((\"Female choice\" OR \"Female preference\" OR \"Male attendance\" OR \"Endurance rivalry\" OR \"Chorus attendance\" OR \"Polyandry\" OR  \"lek\" OR \"resource defense\" OR \"mating system\" OR  \"scramble competition\" OR  \"breeding ecology\" OR \"breeding activity\" OR \"breeding behavior\" OR \"Reproductive biology\" OR \" courtship behavior\" OR \"Sexual selection\") AND (Anura*  OR *frog*  OR toad)). In addition to mating systems, we collected information related to aggressive behavior, territorial defense, satellite behavior, male endurance rivalry, and parental car..., , # Anuran mating systems: The role of climate, life history traits, and sex ratio

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.n8pk0p363](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.n8pk0p363)

## Description of the data and file structure

We collected data for 717 anuran species and evaluated the effects of climate, temporal breeding pattern, sex ratios, terrestriality, and fecundity on their mating systems.

### Files and variables

#### File: Melo\_et\_al\_Supplementarydata.xlsx

**Description:** 

DATASET 1- includes the following variables: General Mating System , Specif Mating System, Temporal Breeding Pattern, General Reproductive mode, Oviposition Site, Offspring size, Clutch size, Annual Mean Temperature, Annual Precipitation, Temperature Seasonality And Precipitation Seasonality.

DATASET2 - includes Operatonal Sex Ratio (OSR). OSR: The ratio between the number of sexually active males and the number of receptive females. We standardized OSR as the percentage of sexually active males of the breeding pop...,

无尾目（Anura）动物的婚配系统具有极高的多样性，但驱动这种多样性的核心因素仍未明确。本研究采用系统发育比较分析方法，探究与无尾目动物婚配系统相关的各类影响因素，并检验其演化模式。我们共收集了717种无尾目动物的数据，评估了气候、繁殖时间格局、性比、陆生适应性以及繁殖力对其婚配系统的作用。

争夺竞争（scramble competition）与同步一妻多夫制（simultaneous polyandry）更多出现于以下类群：卵与产卵位点处于水生环境、产卵量较大的物种，以及栖息在温度季节性强、年平均温度与年降水量较低的生境中。直接收益型婚配系统则常见于卵体型更大、产卵量更小的陆生类群，且其产卵位点为陆生或隐蔽性场所，同时栖息在温度季节性较低的生境中。仅有求偶场（lek）婚配系统与一夫多妻制（polygyny）与性比存在显著相关性。绝大多数婚配系统均受到共有的演化历史的强烈影响……

本研究通过在Web of Science（WoS）、Scopus与Scielo数据库中开展系统综述检索，收集了无尾目婚配系统与繁殖行为的相关文献，检索覆盖了所有可记录年份（附录1：图S1）。首次检索于2020年3月29日完成，使用的检索词如下（附录1：图S1a）：(("雌性选择" OR "雌性偏好" OR "雄性到场" OR "耐力竞争" OR "鸣唱到场" OR "一妻多夫制" OR "求偶场" OR "资源防御" OR "婚配系统" OR "争夺竞争" OR "繁殖生态学" OR "繁殖活动" OR "繁殖行为" OR "繁殖生物学" OR "求偶行为" OR "性选择") AND (Anura* OR *frog* OR 蟾蜍))。除婚配系统外，我们还收集了与攻击行为、领域防御、卫星行为、雄性耐力竞争以及亲本抚育相关的信息……

# 无尾目婚配系统：气候、生活史特征与性比的作用
[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.n8pk0p363]

## 数据与文件结构说明
我们共收集了717种无尾目动物的数据，并评估了气候、繁殖时间格局、性比、陆生适应性以及繁殖力对其婚配系统的影响。

### 文件与变量
#### 文件：Melo_et_al_Supplementarydata.xlsx
**描述：**
数据集1包含以下变量：通用婚配系统、特定婚配系统、繁殖时间格局、通用繁殖模式、产卵位点、后代体型、产卵量、年平均温度、年降水量、温度季节性与降水季节性。
数据集2包含操作性性比（Operational Sex Ratio, OSR）。操作性性比：性活跃雄性数量与受配雌性数量的比值。我们将操作性性比标准化为繁殖种群中性活跃雄性所占百分比……