bam files of The genetic history of Ice Age Europe

Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. We analyze genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. In this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3-6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against it in modern human genomes. Whereas the earliest modern humans in Europe did not contribute substantially to present day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years old descended from a single founder population, with no evidence for additional gene flow from outside Europe. A ~35,000 year old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across large parts of Europe, before reappearing in southwest Europe at the height of the Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. At the time of the first major warming after ~14,000 years ago, a new genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners appears. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of human pre-history.