Forest management simulations across Europe under climate change scenarios using the 3D-CMCC-FEM v5.7
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This dataset was produced within the Horizon Europe project OptFor-EU – OPTimising FORest management decisions for a low-carbon, climate-resilient future in Europe (2023–2027). It contains outputs from forest ecosystem simulations performed with the 3D-CMCC-FEM model, aimed at assessing the impacts of alternative forest management practices (FMP) under present and future climate scenarios across Europe. Model description All simulations in this dataset were conducted using 3D-CMCC-FEM, a process-based forest ecosystem model that simulates eco-physiological and biogeochemical processes at daily resolution and hectare scale. The model explicitly represents species composition, age structure, stand density, and tree dimensions. It can simulates carbon and water cycles under different climate and forest management scenarios. 3D-CMCC-FEM has been widely applied across European forest ecosystems and constitutes a core modelling component of OptFor-EU (Collalti et al., 2014, 2018, 2024; Dalmonech et al., 2022). Simulations description Simulations were conducted across Case Study Areas (CSA), combining European Forest Types (EFT), 20-year age classes (AC), and multiple forest management practices (FMP). For each CSA, up to 14 EFT, 8 AC, and 9 FMP were implemented, depending on regional applicability. From the EURO-CORDEX generation CMIP5 downscaling experiments, high-resolution climate input data is available from the regional climate models (RCM) HIRHAM5-HADGEM2ES and RACMO22E-HADGEM2ES, for the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 (Jacob et al., 2020). Further details on the simulation protocol are documented in OptFor-EU Deliverable D2.2. Case Study Areas (CSA) Table 1: Case Study Areas within the Optfor-EU progect: each representing distinct European regions and biogeographical conditions. Code Nation Region CSA1 Norway Vestfold and Telemark region CSA2 Lithuania Čepkeliai – Dzūkija National Park CSA3 United Kingdom Wytham Woods CSA4 Germany Lower Saxony CSA5 Austria Biosphere Reserve “Wiener Wald” CSA6 Romania Arges Vedea Watershed CSA7 Spain Extremadura Pine Forest CSA8 Italy Florentine Mountians European Forest Types (EFT) Table 2: Up to 14 EFT are considered per CSA, following OptFor-EU Deliverable D1.1. CODE Description EFT1 Boreal forests EFT2 Hemiboreal and nemoral coniferous and mixed forests EFT3 Alpine forests EFT4 Acidophilous oak and oak–birch forests EFT5 Mesophytic deciduous forests EFT6 Beech forests EFT7 Mountainous beech forests EFT8 Thermophilous deciduous forests EFT9 Broadleaved evergreen forests EFT10 Mediterranean coniferous forests EFT11 Mire and swamp forests EFT12 Floodplain forests EFT13 Non-riverine alder, birch or aspen forest EFT14 Introduced tree species forest *Notes: EFT67 represents combined EFT6 and EFT7; EFT2a denotes a variant of EFT2. Age classes (AC) Table 3: Forest age is represented using 20-year age classes. Age Class Min-max year per AC 1 0-20 2 21-40 3 41-60 4 61-80 5 81-100 6 101-120 7 121-140 8 >140 *Notes: Initial stand conditions were derived from local forest inventory data to ensure realistic representation of forest structure and species composition. Forest management practices (FMP) Table 4: Rules of FMP for CSA across Europe. CODE Description FM0 No management, NOM FM1 Business-as-usual, BAU – Clearcut FM2 Business-as-usual, BAU – Shelterwood FM3 Business-as-usual, BAU – Continuous Forest cover using single tree harvesting FM4 Continuous harvesting at low intensity, limited by increment FM5 Increasing thinning intensity of FM1 (BAU - Clearcut) by plus 20%, to emulate higher demand for forest products with larger dimensions FM6 Decreasing thinning intensity of FM1 (BAU - Clearcut) by minus 20%, to represent less intensive management leading to denser forests with higher carbon stocks FM7 Increasing thinning intensity of FM2 (BAU - Shelterwood) by plus 20%, to emulate higher demand for forest products with larger dimensions FM8 Decreasing thinning intensity of FM2 (BAU - Shelterwood) by minus 20%, to represent less intensive management leading to denser forests with higher carbon stocks FM9 Business-as-usual, BAU - Coppice management Simulation outpus Simulation outputs are provided as CSV files, with all relevant meta-information (CSA, EFT, age class, climate scenario, and forest management practice) encoded in the file names. Each file contains selected Essential Forest Mitigation Indicators (EFMI) as defined in OptFor-EU Deliverable D1.2, including indicators related to biomass, carbon stocks, management-related carbon fluxes, and water content. Table 5: List of EFMI variables included in dataset with relative unit and description. Column name unit Description Year unitless Current year Growing_stock_m3_ha m3/ha Growing stock is the total volume of living trees in a one-hectare forest. Wood_removals_m3_ha m3/ha The annual volume of harvested woody products removed refers to the amount of wood extracted from forests each year for various uses, such as timber, fuelwood, and other wood-based materials. Living_carbon_stored_in_forests_tC_ha tC/ha Living carbon stored in forests refers to the amount of carbon contained in the living biomass of trees and plants within a forest. This includes the carbon stored in all parts of living trees, such as the trunk, branches, leaves, and roots. Dead_carbon_stored_in_forests_tC_ha tC/ha Dead carbon stored in forests refers to the carbon that is held in the form of dead organic matter, such as decaying trees, plants, and plant material (like leaves, branches, and roots). Soil_carbon_stored_in_forests_tC_ha tC/ha Soil carbon refers to the carbon stored within the soil in various forms. Total_carbon_stored_in_forests_tC_ha tC/ha Living, dead and soil carbon strored in forest. Carbon_stock_in_harvested_wood_products tC/ha Carbon stock in harvested wood products refers to the carbon that is stored in wood products after trees are harvested. LAI_m2_m2 m2/m2 LAI (Leaf Area Index) is a dimensionless ratio that represents the total leaf area of plants in a given area, relative to the ground area they cover. Forest_layers unitless These layers describe the vertical stratification of a forest and the different environmental niches that trees and other plants occupy. Standing_deadwood_m3_ha m3/ha Standing deadwood refers to trees that have died but remain standing upright in the forest. These trees may be partially decomposed or completely dry and dead. Lying_deadwood_tC_ha tC/ha Lying deadwood consists of logs and branches that have fallen to the forest floor. Stand_age years Current age of dominant trees. Stand_density_trees_ha ha-1 Current number of trees per hectare. Tree_species_diversity_ShannonIndex unitless The Shannon Index (also known as the Shannon-Wiener Index) is a measure of species diversity in a community. It takes into account both species richness (the number of different species) and species evenness (the relative abundance of each species) Relative_Shannon_orEvenness unitless The Shannon evenness index (SEI) measures how evenly species are distributed within a community, and it's calculated using the Shannon diversity index. Tree_species_diversity_Gini unitless The Gini coefficient is a statistical measurement that can be used to describe the size hierarchy of trees in a community, or the inequality of their distribution. Tree_species_diversity_Spec_count unitless Number of tree species being present. AnnualGrowth_m3_ha m3/ha Current annual increment is the increase in the volume of a forest volume over the course of a year. Management_intensity m3/ha Forest management intensity is a measure of how much a forest has been managed, which can affect biodiversity and ecosystem services. Evapotranspiration_mm mm Annual evapotranspiration is the total amount of water transferred from land to the atmosphere through evaporation (from soil, canopy, and water surfaces) and transpiration (from plant leaves). Soil_evaporation_mm mm Annual soil evaporation is the total amount of water that evaporates directly from the soil surface into the atmosphere Available_soil_water_mm mm/volume Annual average available soil water refers to the mean amount of water in the soil that is available for plant uptake throughout the year. Runoff_mm_m2 mm/m2 Current amount of water outflow (runoff)
本数据集源自地平线欧洲计划（Horizon Europe）下的OptFor-EU项目——面向欧洲低碳、气候韧性未来的森林管理决策优化项目（2023–2027）。数据集包含利用3D-CMCC-FEM模型开展的森林生态系统模拟结果，旨在评估欧洲范围内当前及未来气候情景下，不同森林管理措施（Forest Management Practices, FMP）对森林生态系统的影响。 ## 模型说明 本数据集内的所有模拟均采用3D-CMCC-FEM模型开展，该模型是一类基于过程的森林生态系统模型，以日分辨率、公顷尺度模拟森林生态生理与生物地球化学过程。该模型可明确表征树种组成、林分年龄结构、林分密度以及树木尺寸特征，能够模拟不同气候与森林管理情景下的碳循环与水循环过程。3D-CMCC-FEM模型已在欧洲森林生态系统中得到广泛应用，是OptFor-EU项目的核心建模组件（Collalti等，2014、2018、2024；Dalmonech等，2022）。 ## 模拟方案说明 模拟在多个案例研究区（Case Study Areas, CSA）中开展，整合了欧洲森林类型（European Forest Types, EFT）、20年林龄组（20-year age classes, AC）以及多种森林管理措施（Forest Management Practices, FMP）。根据区域适用性差异，每个案例研究区最多可覆盖14种欧洲森林类型、8个林龄组以及9种森林管理措施。 本模拟所用的高分辨率气候输入数据源自EURO-CORDEX计划下的第五次耦合模式比较计划（Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5, CMIP5）降尺度试验，采用的区域气候模型（Regional Climate Models, RCM）包括HIRHAM5-HADGEM2ES与RACMO22E-HADGEM2ES，覆盖典型浓度路径（Representative Concentration Pathways, RCP）2.6、4.5及8.5三种情景（Jacob等，2020）。 有关模拟方案的更多细节详见OptFor-EU项目交付报告D2.2。 ## 案例研究区（CSA） 表1：OptFor-EU项目中的案例研究区，各区域代表了独特的欧洲区域与生物地理条件。 | 代码 | 国家 | 区域 | |------|------|------| | CSA1 | 挪威 | 西福尔-泰勒马克郡 | | CSA2 | 立陶宛 | 切普凯利亚——祖基亚国家公园 | | CSA3 | 英国 | 怀瑟姆森林 | | CSA4 | 德国 | 下萨克森州 | | CSA5 | 奥地利 | “维也纳森林”生物圈保护区 | | CSA6 | 罗马尼亚 | 阿尔杰什-韦代亚流域 | | CSA7 | 西班牙 | 埃斯特雷马杜拉松林 | | CSA8 | 意大利 | 佛罗伦萨山区 | ## 欧洲森林类型（EFT） 表2：按照OptFor-EU项目交付报告D1.1的标准，每个案例研究区最多纳入14种欧洲森林类型。 | 代码 | 描述 | |------|------| | EFT1 | 寒温带针叶林 | | EFT2 | 半寒温带与凉温带针叶林及混交林 | | EFT3 | 阿尔卑斯森林 | | EFT4 | 酸性栎林及栎-桦林 | | EFT5 | 中温落叶林 | | EFT6 | 山毛榉林 | | EFT7 | 山地山毛榉林 | | EFT8 | 暖性落叶林 | | EFT9 | 阔叶常绿林 | | EFT10 | 地中海针叶林 | | EFT11 | 泥炭地与沼泽林 | | EFT12 | 泛滥平原林 | | EFT13 | 非河岸桤木、桦木或颤杨林 | | EFT14 | 引入树种林 | *注：EFT67代表EFT6与EFT7的合并类型；EFT2a为EFT2的变体。 ## 林龄组（AC） 表3：林龄以20年为间隔划分为林龄组。 | 林龄组编号 | 林龄范围（年） | |------------|----------------| | 1 | 0-20 | | 2 | 21-40 | | 3 | 41-60 | | 4 | 61-80 | | 5 | 81-100 | | 6 | 101-120 | | 7 | 121-140 | | 8 | >140 | *注：初始林分条件源自当地森林清查数据，以确保林分结构与树种组成的真实性。 ## 森林管理措施（FMP） 表4：欧洲各案例研究区的森林管理措施规则。 | 代码 | 描述 | |------|------| | FM0 | 无管理（NOM） | | FM1 | 常规经营（Business As Usual, BAU）——皆伐 | | FM2 | 常规经营（Business As Usual, BAU）——渐伐 | | FM3 | 常规经营（Business As Usual, BAU）——采用单株择伐的恒续林经营 | | FM4 | 低强度持续收获，受生长量限制 | | FM5 | 将FM1（常规经营——皆伐）的抚育强度提升20%，以模拟对大尺寸林产品的更高需求 | | FM6 | 将FM1（常规经营——皆伐）的抚育强度降低20%，代表低强度经营模式，可形成更致密的林分并提升碳储量 | | FM7 | 将FM2（常规经营——渐伐）的抚育强度提升20%，以模拟对大尺寸林产品的更高需求 | | FM8 | 将FM2（常规经营——渐伐）的抚育强度降低20%，代表低强度经营模式，可形成更致密的林分并提升碳储量 | | FM9 | 常规经营（Business As Usual, BAU）——矮林经营 | ## 模拟输出结果 模拟输出结果以CSV文件格式提供，所有相关元数据（案例研究区、欧洲森林类型、林龄组、气候情景及森林管理措施）均编码于文件名中。每个文件包含OptFor-EU项目交付报告D1.2中定义的精选森林核心减缓指标（Essential Forest Mitigation Indicators, EFMI），涵盖生物量、碳储量、管理相关碳通量及水分相关指标。 表5：本数据集包含的森林核心减缓指标变量列表，附单位及说明。 | 列名 | 单位 | 说明 | |------|------|------| | Year | 无量纲 | 当前年份 | | Growing_stock_m3_ha | m³/ha | 林分蓄积量：指1公顷森林中活立木的总体积 | | Wood_removals_m3_ha | m³/ha | 木材采伐量：指每年从森林中提取的用于木材、薪柴及其他木质材料等用途的木质产品年采伐体积 | | Living_carbon_stored_in_forests_tC_ha | tC/ha | 森林活碳储量：指森林中树木及其他植物活生物质内储存的碳量，包括活立木的树干、枝条、叶片及根系等所有部分的碳储量 | | Dead_carbon_stored_in_forests_tC_ha | tC/ha | 森林死碳储量：指以死亡有机质形式储存的碳量，包括腐烂的树木、植物及植物残体（如叶片、枝条及根系） | | Soil_carbon_stored_in_forests_tC_ha | tC/ha | 森林土壤碳储量：指以各种形式储存于土壤中的碳量 | | Total_carbon_stored_in_forests_tC_ha | tC/ha | 森林总碳储量：包括活碳、死碳及土壤碳储量之和 | | Carbon_stock_in_harvested_wood_products | tC/ha | 采伐木质产品碳储量：指树木被采伐后储存于木质产品中的碳量 | | LAI_m2_m2 | m²/m² | 叶面积指数（Leaf Area Index, LAI）：指单位土地面积上植物的总叶面积与土地面积的无量纲比值 | | Forest_layers | 无量纲 | 林分层数：描述森林的垂直分层结构以及树木与其他植物所占据的不同生态位 | | Standing_deadwood_m3_ha | m³/ha | 立枯木蓄积量：指森林中死亡但仍直立的树木体积，这些树木可能已部分分解或完全干枯死亡 | | Lying_deadwood_tC_ha | tC/ha | 倒木碳储量：指掉落至森林地表的原木及枝条中储存的碳量 | | Stand_age | 年 | 优势木平均年龄 | | Stand_density_trees_ha | 株/ha | 林分密度：指每公顷林地内的活立木株数 | | Tree_species_diversity_ShannonIndex | 无量纲 | 香农多样性指数（Shannon Index，又称香农-威纳指数）：用于衡量群落内物种多样性的指标，同时考虑物种丰富度（不同物种的数量）及物种均匀度（各物种的相对丰度） | | Relative_Shannon_orEvenness | 无量纲 | 香农均匀度指数：衡量群落内物种分布的均匀程度，通过香农多样性指数计算得到 | | Tree_species_diversity_Gini | 无量纲 | 基尼系数：可用于描述群落内树木的大小层级结构或分布不均程度的统计指标 | | Tree_species_diversity_Spec_count | 无量纲 | 树种丰富度：指林地内存在的树种数量 | | AnnualGrowth_m3_ha | m³/ha | 年净生长量：指森林体积在一年内的增长总量 | | Management_intensity | m³/ha | 经营强度：衡量森林经营程度的指标，可影响生物多样性及生态系统服务功能 | | Evapotranspiration_mm | mm | 年蒸散量：指通过蒸发（来自土壤、林冠及水体表面）和蒸腾（来自植物叶片）从陆地转移至大气的总水量 | | Soil_evaporation_mm | mm | 年土壤蒸发量：指直接从土壤表面蒸发至大气的总水量 | | Available_soil_water_mm | mm/体积 | 年有效土壤含水量：指全年内土壤中可供植物吸收利用的平均水量 | | Runoff_mm_m2 | mm/m² | 径流量：指单位面积林地的年出水总量
