友善環境之木竹材採運作業與小型林業機械應用之研發(4/4),Application of smaller machinery and environmentally friendly logging operations for wood and bamboo(4/4)

本研究分別對木、竹人工林之集材作業效率進行調查，並設置樣區，以探討集材作業前後對植被之影響；另外本計畫亦完成組裝研製「多功能木材收穫機」，以期能發展高性能林業機械，並降低對環境之衝擊，所得結果如次：
　　於新竹林管處柳杉人工林架空索集材部分，平均每人每日工作量為3.9m3/人‧日，蓮華池研究中心肖楠人工林為3.2 m3/人‧日，台糖公司雲嘉區處杜英平地人工林以機械進行集材為26.4 m3/人‧日，新竹縣尖石鄉以架空索集材桂竹為346支/人‧日。
　　於新竹林管處87林班設置柳杉人工林疏伐作業之監測樣區，並調查其伐採前、伐採後一個月及伐採後一年之生物歧異度變化情形，結果發現主伐帶及橫向疏伐帶於伐採後一個月生物歧異度下降最多；伐採一年後，主伐帶逐漸接近伐採前之歧異度，橫向疏伐及下層疏伐在伐採後一年，歧異度指數較伐採前為高，可能其干擾程度較低，且林內透光度較高有關，對照區則維持不變。亦於新竹縣尖石鄉之桂竹林設置皆伐及擇伐監測樣區，並調查其伐採前、伐採後3個月採後10個月之生物歧異度變化情形，得知不論皆伐及擇伐作業，其伐採後之歧異度指數均較對照區為高，就皆伐及擇伐作業而言，雖然主要物種不一樣，但歧異度指數有趨於一致之傾向。
　　在多功能木材收穫機方面，由履帶式挖掘機加裝雙捲筒絞盤可進行集材作業，擋土板及鏟斗可進行土場整理及林道維護作業，自動伐木造材機可進行伐木造材作業，夾具可進行裝車作業；透過快速換斗器，可進行鏟斗、伐木造材機具夾具之替換；由於所加裝之雙捲筒具備循環功能，可節省人力，並可進行高曳式集材作業，降低對環境之衝擊。

The logging operational efficiency for tree and bamboo plantations were investigated for the study. There were sample plots set to monitor the influence of logging operations. On the other hand, the versatile wood harvester was assembled to develop high performance forest machinery and reduce the impact on the environment.
For the skyline logging of Japanese cedar in Hsinchu Forest District Office, average daily output was 3.9m3 per man per day and 3.2m3 per man per day for the Taiwan incense cedar in Lienhuachih Research Center. In plain plantations of Common elaeocarpus in Yunlin Chiayi Department, Taiwan Sugar Corporation, the mechanical logging was carried out and average output was 26.4m3 per man per day. For the makino bamboo logging in Jianshi Township, Hsinchu County, the average output was 346 clums per day.
Monitoring sample plots were set in the thinning area of Japanese cedar located in the 87th compartment, Hsinchu Forest District Office. The biodiversity change for cutting before, cutting after one month and cutting after one year were investigated respectively. The results were as follows. The biodiversity of main logging zone and horizontal thinning zones come down most after one month for logging. But the biodiversity of main line were close to the value before logging. For the horizontal and low thinning after one year, the values of biodiversity were higher than harvesting before. The reason may be the transmittance was higher after thinning and with low interference. For the unthinned area, the biodiversity was kept unchanged. The makino bamboo plantations in Jianshi Township, Hsinchu County, the monitoring sample plots were set for clear and selection cutting. The biodiversity change for before cutting, cutting after three and ten months were investigated. The result was that the biodiversity of clear and selection cutting were higher than the unthinned area. Although the main species were different, the biodiversity were intended to reach unanimity for clear and select cutting.
On the aspect of the versatile wood harvester, the double winches were installed on the excavator to carry out logging operation, the bulldozing plate and bucket for logging site preparation and forest road maintenance, automatic felling-processor for felling and bucking operations and grapple for loading. By the quick hitches, the above accessories could be replaced immediately. By the endless function of the double winches, the labor work could be saved and the high lead yarding could be implemented to reduce the impact of environment.

本研究分别针对树木与竹类人工林的集材作业效率开展调查，并设置样地以探究集材作业前后对植被的影响；此外本项目亦完成了多功能木材收获机（versatile wood harvester）的组装研发，以期开发高性能林业机械并降低对环境的冲击，研究结果如下：
在新竹林区管理处日本柳杉人工林的架空索道集材作业中，平均每人每日作业量为3.9立方米/(人·日)；莲华池研究中心的台湾肖楠人工林该项数据为3.2立方米/(人·日)；台湾糖业公司云嘉区处的杜英平地人工林采用机械集材，平均每人每日作业量为26.4立方米/(人·日)；新竹县尖石乡采用架空索道集材的桂竹人工林，平均每人每日作业量为346株/(人·日)。
本研究于新竹林区管理处第87林班的日本柳杉人工林疏伐作业区设置监测样地，分别调查采伐前、采伐后1个月及采伐后1年的生物歧异度变化情况。结果显示，主伐带与横向疏伐带在采伐后1个月的生物歧异度下降最为显著；采伐1年后，主伐带的生物歧异度逐渐趋近于采伐前水平，而横向疏伐与下层疏伐区域在采伐1年后的生物歧异度指数较采伐前更高，这可能与该类作业干扰程度较低、林内透光率更高有关；对照区的生物歧异度则保持不变。此外，本研究亦于新竹县尖石乡的桂竹林设置皆伐与择伐监测样地，调查其采伐前、采伐后3个月及采伐后10个月的生物歧异度变化情况。结果表明，无论皆伐还是择伐作业，采伐后的生物歧异度指数均高于对照区；虽皆伐与择伐作业的主要物种存在差异，但二者的生物歧异度指数均呈现出趋于一致的趋势。
关于多功能木材收获机（versatile wood harvester），其以履带式挖掘机为基础加装双卷筒绞盘，可开展集材作业；加装推土板与铲斗后，可用于集材场整理及林道维护作业；搭载自动伐木造材机可完成伐木与造材作业，配备抓具则可实现装车作业。通过快速换斗装置，可快速完成铲斗、伐木造材机具与抓具之间的更换；由于加装的双卷筒绞盘具备循环作业功能，能够节省人力，并可开展高杆集材作业，进一步降低对环境的冲击。