Dataset#2 The sedentary pastoralism at the turn of the III–II millennium BC in the Southern Trans-Urals based on archaeozoological materials of the settlement Kamennyi Ambar

Dataset#2 contains data and images of the modern grazing system, the environment, modification changes in bones and pathologies of livestock from the fortified (enclosed) settlement of Kamennyi Ambar of the Sintashta culture and the Late Bronze Age. Dataset#2 is part of the article '''The sedentary pastoralism at the turn of the III–II millennium BC in the Southern Trans-Urals based on archaeozoological materials of the settlement Kamennyi Ambar''" The article is devoted to the analysis of archaezooological material of one of two dozen fortified settlements of the Middle Bronze Age, which are located in a compact group in the steppe zone on the border of Russia and Kazakhstan. The early construction horizons of the Kamennyi Ambar settlement are associated with Sintashta culture. The second stage of the functioning of the settlement is associated with the Srubno-Alakul period. Due to the strong mixing of the layers, animal husbandry of the inhabitants of the settlement is considered in the period from 2100–1700 cal BC. The purpose of the article is to clarify a number of aspects of livestock farming and the reconstruction of some issues that previously either were not considered, or were of a hypothetical nature. Sources of work are an extensive archaezooological collection from several excavations of the settlement and data on the characteristics of bone material from modern enclosures in the Karagaily-Ayat river valley. This includes osteological markers of summer enclosures, pathologies of modern livestock, data on osteophagia of domestic ungulates, and results of observation of modern livestock grazing. Bones from the Kamennyi Ambar settlement and modern enclosures were analyzed using standard and generally accepted archaezooological methods. An analysis of the archaeozoological collection has confirmed the pastoralist character of the settlement throughout its existence. The inhabitants of the settlement complexly exploited cattle, sheep, goats and horses. Paleopathological analysis allows you to reconstruct the possible working exploitation of bulls, but there is no reason for a horse to make such a conclusion. A number of direct and indirect evidence allows us to consider this archaeological site under study the year-round inhabited settlement of settled cattle breeders. Collectives of the Kamennyi Ambar actively exploited the resources of the valley within a radius of 15 km. Favorable conditions of the Karagaily-Ayat river valley made it possible to switch to a settled model of animal husbandry and supposedly improve the dimensional characteristics of livestock. The houses of the settlement were used as a stall not only in winter, but probably in summer.

数据集#2收录了现代放牧系统、环境相关数据与图像，以及青铜时代晚期（Late Bronze Age）辛塔什塔文化（Sintashta culture）设防（封闭）定居点卡缅内-安巴尔（Kamennyi Ambar）出土的家畜骨骼改造痕迹与病理特征样本。
本数据集是论文《基于卡缅内-安巴尔定居点考古动物学（archaeozoology）材料的南外乌拉尔地区公元前3千纪末-前2千纪初定居游牧业研究》（原英文标题："The sedentary pastoralism at the turn of the III–II millennium BC in the Southern Trans-Urals based on archaeozoological materials of the settlement Kamennyi Ambar"）的组成部分。
该论文聚焦于俄哈边境草原带内呈紧凑集群分布的二十余处青铜时代中期设防定居点之一的考古动物学材料分析。
卡缅内-安巴尔定居点的早期堆积层对应辛塔什塔文化，其功能演化的第二阶段则属于斯鲁布诺-阿拉库尔时期（Srubno-Alakul period）。
由于地层混杂程度较高，本次研究将该定居点居民的畜牧业活动时段限定为校准公元前2100–1700年（cal BC）。
本研究的目标在于厘清畜牧业发展的多项关键议题，并重构此前未被关注或仅以假说形式存在的若干学术问题。
本研究的资料来源包括该定居点多次发掘出土的大量考古动物学藏品，以及卡拉盖利-阿亚特河谷（Karagaily-Ayat river valley）现代围栏家畜的骨骼材料特征数据，具体涵盖夏季围栏的骨学标记（osteological markers）、现代家畜的病理特征、家养有蹄类食骨现象（osteophagia）的相关数据，以及现代家畜放牧的观测结果。
研究人员采用标准且通用的考古动物学方法（archaeozoological methods），对卡缅内-安巴尔定居点骨骼样本与现代围栏家畜骨骼样本开展分析。
对考古动物学藏品的分析证实，该定居点在整个存续期间均以游牧业为核心生产模式。
该定居点的居民综合利用牛、绵羊、山羊与马等家畜资源。
古病理分析（paleopathological analysis）可推断公牛曾被用于劳作役使，但目前尚无足够依据得出马也用于劳作的结论。
多项直接与间接证据表明，本次研究的这处考古遗址为全年定居的养牛社群定居点。
卡缅内-安巴尔的先民积极开发半径15公里范围内的河谷资源。
卡拉盖利-阿亚特河谷的优越自然条件，使得该定居点得以转向定居式畜牧业模式，并据称改善了家畜的体型特征。
该定居点的房舍不仅在冬季被用作畜栏，大概率在夏季也承担了同类功能。