The Most Commonly Utilized Questionnaires for Evaluating Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality in Healthcare: A Scoping Review

Questionnaires are used for evaluating virtual, augmented, and mixed reality (MR) in healthcare. Utilizing the perfect one to meet the needs is a challenge for researchers and examiners. Hence, this study aimed to review and determine the frequently used questionnaires for evaluating mentioned services. The PubMed and Web of science databases were searched for conducting this review. Original observational and interventional studies that used a referenced questionnaire to evaluate virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and MR in healthcare were included. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Totally, 179 studies were included in this research. The questionnaires are mostly used for evaluating usability (39%) and cybersickness (37.5%). System Usability Scale (28%), Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (27.5%), and Presence Questionnaire (9.5%) were the most used questionnaires. The use of special, need-based, and targeted questionnaires to evaluate the various outcomes of VR, AR, and MR can help in better evaluation of these services.问卷被广泛应用于医疗领域虚拟现实（Virtual Reality, VR）、增强现实（Augmented Reality, AR）及混合现实（Mixed Reality, MR）的评估工作。对于研究者与评估者而言，遴选契合研究需求的最优问卷始终是一项难点。有鉴于此，本研究旨在梳理并明确医疗领域VR、AR、MR评估场景下的常用问卷类型。本综述通过检索PubMed与Web of Science两大数据库开展文献筛选，最终纳入采用经引用问卷评估医疗领域VR、AR、MR的原创性观察性与干预性研究。研究采用描述性统计方法对数据进行分析，最终共纳入179项相关研究。现有问卷主要用于评估系统可用性（占比39%）与数字晕动症（cybersickness，占比37.5%）。其中，系统可用性量表（System Usability Scale）、模拟器晕动症问卷（Simulator Sickness Questionnaire）与存在感问卷（Presence Questionnaire）为使用频率最高的三类问卷，占比分别为28%、27.5%与9.5%。针对医疗领域VR、AR、MR的不同评估维度，采用定制化、需求导向与针对性的问卷开展评估，可有效提升此类服务的评估质量。