Three Farewells to Manzanar: The Archeology of Manzanar National Historic Site, California Part 1

This report presents the results of archeological investigations at Manzanar National Historic Site in the Owens Valley of eastern California. The Manzanar Relocation Center was one of ten such facilities at which Japanese American citizens and Japanese immigrants were interned during W orId War II. The archeological work was designed to inventory and evaluate all historical and prehistoric archeological resources within the National Historic Site, as well as other archeological resources near the National Historic Site related to the relocation center. Three major categories of remains were encountered: (1) those associated with the Manzanar Relocation Center; (2) those associated with the early twentieth century abandoned Manzanar townsite; and (3) those associated with
late prehistoric and early historical Native American Indian use of the area. In all, 15 Native American Indian sites, dozens of sites and features associated with the townsite and earlier ranches, and all of the known features of the relocation center have been fully recorded. This project also included test excavation at four of the Native American Indian sites, four sites associated with the town of Manzanar, and three relocation center features. In spite of historical and recent disturbance, the preservation of features and artifacts is far better than initially evident. Each of the identified components was found
to have excellent archeological and interpretive potential.

本报告呈现了加利福尼亚州东部欧文斯谷（Owens Valley）曼扎纳国家历史遗址（Manzanar National Historic Site）的考古调查成果。曼扎纳安置中心（Manzanar Relocation Center）是第二次世界大战期间，用于拘禁日裔美国公民及日本移民的十处同类设施之一。本次考古工作旨在清查并评估该国家历史遗址范围内所有历史及史前考古资源，以及遗址周边与该安置中心相关的其他考古遗存。本次调查共发现三大类遗存：（1）与曼扎纳安置中心相关的遗存；（2）与20世纪早期废弃的曼扎纳镇址相关的遗存；（3）与史前晚期及历史早期北美印第安人在此区域活动相关的遗存。总计已完整记录15处北美印第安人遗址、数十处与镇址及早期牧场相关的遗址与遗迹，以及该安置中心所有已知遗存。本项目还对4处北美印第安人遗址、4处与曼扎纳镇相关的遗址，以及3处安置中心遗迹开展了试掘工作。尽管历经历史事件与近期扰动，遗迹及遗物的保存状况远优于初始评估结果。所有已识别的遗存单元均展现出极高的考古研究与阐释价值。