Identification of adaptive mechanisms leading to reduced antibiotic susceptibility in bacterial biofilms using experimental evolution. Part 2: Burkholderia cenocepacia strain J2315 biofilms on beads

Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315 was repeatedly and intermittently exposed to tobramycin, ciprofloxacin or meropenem. Bacteria were grown on cryobeads submerged in liquid BHI medium. After 24 hours, the beads were washed and fresh medium with of without antibiotics added. After another 24 hours of incubation, the beads were washed, the bacteria removed from the beads, and used for inoculation of fresh beads. This was repeated to a total of up to ten cycles. Evolved lineages were then DNA-sequenced to screen for genome changes.