The landscape of fear has individual layers: an experimental test of among-individual differences in perceived predation risk during foraging

Perceived predation risk varies in space and time creating a landscape of fear. This key feature of an animal’s environment is classically studied as a species-specific property. However, individuals differ in how they solve the trade-off between safety and reward and may, hence, differ consistently and predictively in perceived predation risk across landscapes. To test this hypothesis, we quantified among-individual differences in boldness and activity and exposed behaviourally phenotyped male bank voles (Myodes glareolus) individually to two different experimental landscapes of risks in large outdoor enclosures and provided resources as discrete food patches. We manipulated perceived predation risk via vegetation height between 2 and >30 cm and quantified patch use indirectly via RFID-logging and giving-up densities. We statistically disentangled among-individual differences in microhabitat use from spatially varying perceived risk, i.e. landscape of fear.  We found that individual...

捕食风险感知随空间与时间动态变化，由此形成恐惧景观（landscape of fear）。这一动物生存环境的核心特征，传统上被作为物种特异性属性开展研究。然而，不同个体在权衡安全与收益时的策略存在差异，因此其在不同景观中感知到的捕食风险可能呈现出一致且可预测的个体差异。为验证这一假说，我们量化了个体间的大胆性与活动度差异，并将经行为表型鉴定的雄性河岸田鼠（Myodes glareolus）单独置于大型室外围栏内的两种不同实验性风险景观中，同时以离散食物斑块的形式提供实验资源。我们通过调控2厘米至30厘米以上的植被高度来操控捕食风险感知水平，并借助RFID日志记录与放弃密度（giving-up densities）间接量化动物对食物斑块的利用情况。我们通过统计学方法，将微生境利用的个体间差异与空间异质性的捕食风险感知（即恐惧景观）进行了分离解析。我们发现，个体……