High-Throughput Screening of tumor microenvironment after using NRGO@LG+L/S-G@LG+L

Limited immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironment (TME) hampers immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Mild photothermal therapy (PTT), enhancing immune infiltration, is often combined with immunotherapy. Nevertheless, the influence of mild PTT on the immune landscape of TME remains uncertain. In our findings, mild PTT significantly influenced the intricate immune systems, leading to the activation of dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells. This observation suggests that immunotherapy could benefit from mild PTT. Tumor cell-derived exosomes (TEX) play important roles in immune escape for the high expression of PD-L1 on the surface and various miRNAs contents, which could mediate the immune evasion and regulate immune cell phenotypes. To strike a balance between the benefits and drawbacks of mild PTT, we introduced synchronized exosome inhibition to maximize its effect.Our data indicated that this combination treatment was able to enhance the stimulation of DCs, resulting in a better priming of TILs and activation of T cells, which successfully sensitize the immunological "cold" tumor into "hot", thus contributing to tumor eradication.