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The purpose of this research was to examine individual differences related to fear of, perceived susceptibility to, and perceived severity of mpox as well as mpox knowledge, fear, perceived susceptibility, and perceived severity as predictors of vaccine intention in a national survey of U.S. adults (aged ≥18 years). Address-based sampling (ABS) methods were used to ensure full coverage of all households in the nation, reflecting the 2021 March Supplement of the Current Population Survey. Internet-based surveys were self-administered by Ipsos between September 16–26, 2022. N = 1018 participants completed the survey. The survey included items, based partially on the Health Belief Model, assessing vaccine intention (1 item; responses from 1 [Definitely not] to 5 [Definitely]), fear of mpox (7-item scale; α = .89; theoretical mean = 7–35), perceived susceptibility to mpox (3-item scale; α = .85; theoretical mean = 3–15), and perceived severity of mpox (4-item scale; α = .65; theoretical mean = 4–20). Higher scores indicate greater fear, susceptibility, and severity. One-way ANOVAs were run to examine mean score differences by demographic groups (e.g., gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation), and multiple regression analyses assessed the relationship between predictors (mpox knowledge, susceptibility/severity, fear) and a single outcome (vaccination intention), while controlling for demographic covariates. Sampling weights were applied to all analyses. Only 1.8% (n = 18) of respondents reported having received the mpox vaccine. While mpox vaccine intention was low (M = 2.09, SD = 0.99), overall differences between racial/ethnic, sexual orientation, education, and household income groups were statistically significant. Fear of mpox was very low (M = 13.13, SD = 5.33), and there were overall statistically significant differences in both fear and perceived severity among gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, education, and household income groups. While respondents reported not feeling very susceptible to mpox (M = 5.77, SD = 2.50), they generally rated mpox as just above the theoretical mean in terms of severity (M = 11.01, SD = 2.85). Mpox knowledge, fear, severity, and susceptibility, as well as race/ethnicity, were all statistically significant predictors of intention to vaccinate, with susceptibility representing the strongest predictor. Overall, Americans’ vaccination for mpox/vaccine intent was low. Gay/lesbian and racial/ethnic minority respondents felt more susceptible to and viewed mpox more severely, compared with heterosexual and White respondents, respectively. These data may be used to tailor risk and prevention (e.g., vaccination) interventions, as cases continue to surge in the current global mpox outbreak. Greater perceptions of susceptibility, severity, and fear about mpox exist largely among minority populations. While public health messaging to promote mpox vaccination can focus on improving knowledge, as well as addressing fear and perceived severity of, and susceptibility to, mpox, such messages should be carefully crafted to prevent disproportionate negative effects on marginalized communities.本研究旨在针对美国18岁及以上成年人开展全国性调查，探讨与猴痘（mpox）恐惧、感知易感性及感知严重性相关的个体差异，并以猴痘认知水平、恐惧程度、感知易感性与感知严重性作为疫苗接种意向的预测变量。研究采用基于地址的抽样（Address-based Sampling, ABS）方法，确保覆盖全美所有家庭，抽样框架参照2021年3月当前人口调查（Current Population Survey）补充模块。调查由益普索（Ipsos）于2022年9月16日至26日通过互联网开展自主填写式调查，最终共有1018名参与者完成问卷。 问卷题目部分基于健康信念模型（Health Belief Model）编制，涵盖以下内容：疫苗接种意向（1个条目，采用1分[完全不会]至5分[一定会]的李克特五点量表计分）、猴痘恐惧程度（7条目量表，Cronbach’s α=0.89，理论得分范围7~35）、猴痘感知易感性（3条目量表，Cronbach’s α=0.85，理论得分范围3~15）以及猴痘感知严重性（4条目量表，Cronbach’s α=0.65，理论得分范围4~20）。得分越高代表恐惧程度、感知易感性与感知严重性越高。 本研究采用单因素方差分析（one-way ANOVAs）检验不同人口统计学群体（如性别、种族/族裔、性取向）的平均得分差异；并通过多元回归分析，在控制人口统计学协变量的前提下，评估各预测变量（猴痘认知水平、易感性/严重性、恐惧程度）与单一因变量（疫苗接种意向）之间的关联。所有分析均应用了抽样权重。 仅有1.8%（n=18）的受访者表示已接种猴痘疫苗。尽管猴痘疫苗接种意向整体偏低（M=2.09，SD=0.99），但不同种族/族裔、性取向、教育程度与家庭收入群体间的总体差异具有统计学意义。猴痘恐惧程度整体偏低（M=13.13，SD=5.33），且不同性别、种族/族裔、性取向、教育程度及家庭收入群体在恐惧程度与感知严重性上均存在显著统计学差异。受访者报告自身对猴痘的感知易感性并不高（M=5.77，SD=2.50），但对猴痘严重性的评分整体略高于理论均值（M=11.01，SD=2.85）。 猴痘认知水平、恐惧程度、严重性感知与易感性感知，以及种族/族裔均为疫苗接种意向的显著预测变量，其中感知易感性是最强的预测因子。总体而言，美国民众的猴痘疫苗接种率与接种意向均处于较低水平。与异性恋群体及白人群体相比，男同性恋/女同性恋及少数种族/族裔群体对猴痘的感知易感性更高，且对猴痘严重性的评估更为严重。 当前全球猴痘疫情持续蔓延，本研究数据可用于定制针对性的风险防控与干预（如疫苗接种）措施。对猴痘的感知易感性、严重性及恐惧情绪更多集中在少数群体当中。尽管推广猴痘疫苗接种的公共卫生宣传可侧重提升公众认知，同时针对猴痘恐惧、感知严重性与易感性问题开展引导，但此类宣传内容需精心设计，以避免对边缘化群体造成不成比例的负面影响。