Barrier analysis participants.

The purpose of this study was to establish best ways of improving household soybean processing and utilization in selected districts in the Eastern Province of Zambia. This was a concurrent triangulation study design, nested with a cross sectional survey and barrier analysis. Up to 1,237 households and 42 key informants participated in the quantitative and qualitative studies respectively. Quantitative data was analysed using Stata MP 15 software (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). NVIVO QSR10 software (QSRInt, Melbourne Australia) was used to organize qualitative data which was later analysed thematically. In this study whole soybean processing and utilization in eastern province was at 48%. However, accessibility to soybean for household consumption throughout the year was negligible (0.29%). Based on the food systems an interplay of factors influenced soybean processing and utilization. In the food environment, a ready-made Textured Soya Protein mainly imported [1,030/1237(83%)] and a milled whole soybean-maize blend AOR 816.37; 95%CI 110.83 to 6013.31 were preferred. Reports of labour intensity, hard to cook properties, coarse milling and beany flavour with associated anti-nutrients negatively influenced whole soybean utilization. In the enabling environment, soybean production AOR 4.47; 95%CI 2.82 to 7.08 increased the chances of utilization. Lack of inputs, poor access to affordable credit and lack of ingredients were deleterious to utilization. Low coverage of existing projects and poor access to technologies were other adverse factors. Among the Socioeconomic factors, a higher social hierarchy shown by owning a bed AOR 1.75; 95%CI 1.22 to 2.49, belonging to the Chewa community AOR 1.16; 95%CI 1.08 to 0 1.25, gender of household head particularly male AOR 1.94; 95%CI 1.21 to 3.13, off farm income and livestock ownership were supportive to soybean utilization. Unfavourable factors were; belonging to any of the districts under study AOR 0.76; 95%CI 0.58 to 0.98, lack of knowledge (55.65%), low involvement of the male folks AOR 0.47; 95%CI 0.30 to 0.73 and belonging to a female headed household AOR 1.94; 95%CI 1.21 to 3.13. Age, time and household size constraints as well as unreliable soybean output markets, lack of land, poor soils in some wards and poor soybean value chain governance were other negative factors. Immediately in the food environment there is need to boost milling of whole soybean while strengthening cooking demonstrations, correct processing, incorporation of soybean in the local dishes and conducting acceptability tests. In the enabling environment, there should be access to inputs, affordable credit facilities and subsidized mineral fertilisers. Post-harvest storage, collective action with full scale community involvement and ownership should be heightened. Socioeconomic approaches should target promotion of soybean processing and utilization among all ethnic groups, participation of male folks and female headed households as well as advocating for increased nutrition sensitive social protection. In the medium or long term, capacity building, market development, import substitution agreements, creation of new products, development of cottage industries, information exchange and inter district trade as well as more public-private partnerships and more local private sector players should be bolstered. Lastly farm diversification should be supported.本研究旨在为赞比亚东部省选定区县内的家庭大豆加工与利用优化路径提供科学依据。 本研究采用并行三角验证研究设计，嵌套横断面调查与障碍分析。定量研究与定性研究分别纳入1237户家庭与42名关键信息受访者。定量数据采用Stata MP 15软件（StataCorp，美国德克萨斯州大学站市）进行分析；定性数据则借助NVIVO QSR10软件（QSRInt，澳大利亚墨尔本）进行整理，并随后开展主题式分析。 本研究中，东部省家庭全大豆加工与整体利用率为48%。但全年可获取大豆用于家庭消费的比例可忽略不计（仅0.29%）。基于食品系统视角，多重因素交互影响大豆的加工与利用。在食品环境层面，主要进口的预制组织化大豆蛋白（Textured Soya Protein）占比达1030/1237（83%），且研磨全大豆-玉米混合制品的调整后比值比（Adjusted Odds Ratio，AOR）为816.37，95%置信区间（CI）为110.83至6013.31，更受消费者青睐。研究发现，劳动强度高、烹煮难度大、研磨颗粒粗糙以及伴随抗营养因子的豆腥味，会对全大豆的利用产生负面影响。 在赋能环境层面，大豆种植的调整后比值比（AOR）为4.47，95%CI为2.82至7.08，提升了大豆利用的可能性。缺乏生产投入品、难以获取低成本信贷以及缺少配套原料，均对大豆利用产生不利影响。现有项目覆盖率偏低、技术获取渠道不畅，亦是阻碍大豆利用的负面因素。 在社会经济因素层面，拥有床铺所体现的更高社会阶层地位（AOR=1.75，95%CI=1.22~2.49）、属于切瓦族（Chewa）社区（AOR=1.16，95%CI=1.08~1.25）、户主为男性（AOR=1.94，95%CI=1.21~3.13）、拥有非农收入以及饲养牲畜，均对大豆利用起到促进作用。不利因素则包括：隶属于本研究选定的任意区县（AOR=0.76，95%CI=0.58~0.98）、缺乏相关知识（占比55.65%）、男性群体参与度低（AOR=0.47，95%CI=0.30~0.73）以及户主为女性（AOR=1.94，95%CI=1.21~3.13）。年龄、时间与家庭规模限制，以及不可靠的大豆产出市场、土地短缺、部分社区耕地土壤质量不佳、大豆价值链治理不完善，均为其他负面影响因素。 当前亟需在食品环境层面推动全大豆研磨加工，同时加强烹煮示范、规范加工流程、将大豆纳入本地菜肴配方，并开展食用接受性测试。在赋能环境层面，应保障生产投入品供应、提供低成本信贷服务以及补贴矿物肥料。需强化产后储藏、建立全面社区参与的集体行动机制并提升主体所有权意识。社会经济层面的干预措施应面向所有族群推广大豆加工与利用技术，鼓励男性群体与女性户主家庭参与，并倡导强化营养敏感型社会保护政策。 中长期视角下，应加强能力建设、推动市场发展、签署进口替代协议、开发新产品、培育家庭手工业、促进信息交流与跨区县贸易，同时拓展公私合作伙伴关系与本地私营部门参与主体。最后，应支持农业多元化发展。