Fear of Failure in Sport: A Portuguese Cross-cultural Adaptation

Abstract The Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (PFAI) is a multidimensional measure of threat appraisals associated with one's fear of failure. Whilst emerging research has supported the validity and reliability of the PFAI with North American and British sport participants, its psychometric proprieties remain untested within Portuguese samples. This study examined the psychometric proprieties of the PFAI with a sample of 556 Portuguese athletes. A confirmatory factor analysis was employed to test whether the proposed multi-factorial structure of the PFAI fits well the Portuguese data.All factors displayed good internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Multi-group analysis revealed cross-validity and the models' invariance. The correlations between fear of failure and sport anxiety measures revealed evidence of its concurrent validity. The PFAIappears to be a psychometrically sound measure anda valid and reliable tool for assessing fear of failure in Portuguese sport contexts.摘要 表现失败评价量表（Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory, PFAI）是一种用于评估个体失败恐惧相关威胁性评价的多维度量表。尽管已有新兴研究证实了PFAI在北美与英国体育参与者群体中的效度与信度，但其在葡萄牙样本中的心理测量学特性仍未得到检验。本研究以556名葡萄牙运动员为样本，对PFAI的心理测量学特性进行了检验。研究采用验证性因子分析，检验PFAI预设的多因子结构是否能良好适配葡萄牙样本的数据。所有因子均表现出良好的内部一致性、聚合效度与区分效度。多组分析结果证实了其交叉效度与模型不变性。失败恐惧与运动焦虑测量结果间的相关关系，验证了PFAI的同时效度。综上，PFAI是一项心理测量学特性优良的量表，可在葡萄牙体育语境中有效且可靠地评估个体的失败恐惧。