Data from: Quantifying urban ecosystem services based on high-resolution data of urban green space: an assessment for Rotterdam, the Netherlands

1. The urban dimension of ecosystem services (ES) is underexposed, while the importance of ES for human well-being is nowhere as evident as in cities. Urban challenges such as air pollution, noise and heat can be moderated by urban green space (UGS), simultaneously providing multiple other services. However, available methods to quantify ES cannot typically deal with the high spatial and thematic resolution land cover data that are needed to better understand ES supply in the urban context. 2. This study derives methods to quantify and map a bundle of six ES as supplied by UGS, using land cover data with high spatial and thematic resolution, and applies these to the city of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Land cover data comprise eight classes of UGS. Methods are derived from an evidence base on the importance of UGS types for the supply of each of the six ES that was built using literature review. 3. The evidence base reveals that UGS types differ in their contribution to various ES, although the strength of the evidence varies. However, existing indicators for urban ES often do not discriminate between UGS types. To derive UGS-specific indicators, we combined methods and evidence from different research contexts (ES, non-ES, urban, non-urban). 4. Rotterdam shows high spatial variation in the amount of UGS present, and accounting for this in ES supply reveals that ES bundles depend on UGS composition and configuration. While the contribution of UGS types to ES supply differed markedly with UGS type and ES considered, we demonstrate that synergies rather than trade-offs exist among the ES analysed. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our findings underline the importance of a careful design of urban green space (UGS) in city planning for ecosystem services (ES) provision. Based on the latest insights on how different UGS provide ES, the methods presented in this study enable a more detailed quantification and mapping of the supply of ES in cities, allowing assessments of current supply of key urban ES and alternative urban designs. Such knowledge is indispensable in the quest for designing healthier and climate-resilient cities.

1. 生态系统服务（ecosystem services, ES）的城市维度尚未得到充分关注，而ES对人类福祉的重要性在城市中体现得最为显著。诸如空气污染、噪声与热岛效应等城市难题可通过城市绿地（urban green space, UGS）得到缓解，同时城市绿地还能提供多种其他服务。然而当前用于量化ES的方法，通常无法处理可更好理解城市情境下ES供给所需的高空间与主题分辨率土地覆盖数据。
2. 本研究借助高空间与主题分辨率的土地覆盖数据，开发出可量化并绘制城市绿地所提供的6项ES组合空间分布的方法，并将其应用于荷兰鹿特丹市。该土地覆盖数据包含8类城市绿地。研究方法基于通过文献综述构建的证据库，该证据库明确了不同类型UGS对6项ES各自供给的贡献程度。
3. 该证据库显示，不同类型UGS对各项ES的贡献存在差异，尽管证据的强度有所不同。然而当前针对城市ES的指标通常无法区分不同类型的UGS。为构建针对UGS的专属指标，本研究整合了来自不同研究场景（ES相关、非ES相关、城市场景、非城市场景）的方法与证据。
4. 鹿特丹市现存UGS的数量存在显著的空间异质性，在ES供给核算中纳入这一特征后可发现，ES组合取决于UGS的组成与配置结构。尽管不同类型UGS对ES供给的贡献因UGS类型和ES类别而异，但本研究证实，在所分析的ES之间存在协同关系而非权衡关系。
5. 综合与应用。本研究结果凸显了城市规划中精心设计城市绿地（UGS）对生态系统服务（ES）供给的重要性。基于不同类型UGS提供ES的最新研究进展，本研究提出的方法可实现城市ES供给更为精细化的量化与空间制图，从而能够评估关键城市ES的当前供给水平以及不同的城市设计方案。此类认知对于打造更健康、更具气候韧性的城市而言不可或缺。