Table 1 in Disease ecology of bats- - the Canadian scene

Table 1. Key knowledge gaps to target in future research on Canadian bats, with suggestions for approaches to address each set of questions and examples of previous studies relevant to each. Knowledge gapPotential approachesSelected examplesPathogen diversity and drivers of pathogen prevalence in Canadian batsIdentification of previously undescribed pathogensMisra et al. 2009; Subudhi et al. 2018Targeted surveillance of bats and ectoparasites for known pathogens, ideally with spatially and temporally representative sampling within speciesBanerjee et al. 2020; Kotwa et al. 2022Comparative analyses of pathogen diversity and seasonal trends in prevalence among species with diverse behavioursWebber et al. 2017; Guy et al. 2020Comparison of pathogen diversity or prevalence between regional and long-distance migrantsKlug et al. 2011Host switching/sharing of pathogens among bat speciesComparable pathogen sampling across speciesBecker et al. 2021 bDisease in bats——clinical outcomes of infectionCharacterization of clinical signs of disease when observed or following experimental infectionMcGuire et al. 2016Experimental infections to characterize effects of known pathogensDavis et al. 2005; Warnecke et al. 2012; Hall et al. 2021Ecological, physiological, and molecular variation in disease susceptibility and host–pathogen interactions among speciesDavy et al. 2020; Haase et al. 2021; Rogers et al. 2022Disease in bats——impacts on population growth and viabilityLong-term population monitoring to assess impacts of particular diseases on bat abundance and to compare population-level impacts of disease among speciesBalzer et al. 2021; Vanderwolf and McAlpine 2021Evaluation of conservation tools to mitigate disease impacts in species of conservation concernCheng et al. 2016; Davy et al. 2016; Fletcher et al. 2020Occurrence of co-infections and impacts on disease severityComparative, longitudinal surveillance for multiple pathogens within populationsDietrich et al. 2015Experimental co-infections to assess impacts on disease outcomesDavy et al. 2018Studies designed to detect multiple pathogens from sampled bats rather than single-pathogen approachesClare et al. 2019; Neely et al. 2021; Kotwa et al. 2022Role of habitat quality and anthropogenic land cover change on pathogen dynamics and bat healthComparisons of loads/prevalence in fragmented/degraded vs. intact/high-quality habitatsCottontail et al. 2009; Kessler et al. 2018Comparisons of fitness or of pathogen loads/prevalence for cavity-roosting bats in buildings vs. natural structuresLausen and Barclay 2006Transmission dynamics: pathways of exposure and infectionStudies of bat exposure to vector species, including ectoparasitesTalbot et al. 2017Studies sampling vectors for pathogensBanerjee et al. 2020Transmission dynamics: infection/re-infection rates and phenologyLongitudinal studies (resampling individuals and colonies over time, with collection of demographic and ecological/environmental metadata)Becker et al. 2021 aIncorporation of social structure in models of disease transmissionWebber et al. 2017Effects of environmental contaminants on health and disease susceptibility of batsQuantification of bat exposure to pollutantsHickey et al. 2001; Chételat et al. 2018Studies associating contaminant exposure with immune response, pathogen load, or other negative impacts on healthBecker et al. 2021 b; Sandoval-Herrera et al. 2022Risk of spillover and spill back of pathogens among humans, livestock, other wildlife, and batsMulti-species surveillance for potential pathogen spillover from bats to livestock in agricultural areasBecker et al. 2021 aSocial aspects of disease transmission in batsLongitudinal studies (resampling individuals and colonies over time), incorporating relatedness and social network analysesWebber et al. 2016Research connecting seasonal habitat types (e.g., maternity and swarming sites) and investigating social facilitation of migrationEffects of climate change on bat health, including pathogen prevalence and disease severityStudies testing or predicting the effects of shifting weather regimes associated with climate change on habitat quality, prey availability, pathogen transmission, and(or) disease susceptibilityMcClure et al. 2022 Note: Although we have focused on knowledge gaps for Canadian species, examples include studies addressing these gaps elsewhere. Examples are not exhaustive but are intended to illustrate effective approaches.表1 加拿大蝙蝠未来研究需聚焦的关键知识缺口，以及各研究问题的解决路径建议与相关既往研究案例 | 知识缺口 | 潜在解决方法 | 精选研究案例 | | --- | --- | --- | | 加拿大蝙蝠的病原体多样性及病原体流行率驱动因素 | 1. 鉴定尚未被记录的病原体；2. 针对蝙蝠及其体外寄生虫开展已知病原体的靶向监测，理想情况下应在物种内开展具有时空代表性的采样；3. 对行为模式多样的蝙蝠物种开展病原体多样性与流行率季节趋势的比较分析；4. 比较区域迁徙与长距离迁徙蝙蝠物种间的病原体多样性或流行率差异 | Misra et al. 2009; Subudhi et al. 2018; Banerjee et al. 2020; Kotwa et al. 2022; Webber et al. 2017; Guy et al. 2020; Klug et al. 2011 | | 蝙蝠物种间的病原体宿主转换/共享现象 | 跨物种开展可比的病原体采样 | Becker et al. 2021 b | | 蝙蝠疾病——感染的临床结局 | 1. 对观察到的或实验感染后的疾病临床症状进行表征；2. 开展实验感染以明确已知病原体的致病效应；3. 分析不同物种间疾病易感性、宿主-病原体互作的生态、生理与分子变异 | McGuire et al. 2016; Davis et al. 2005; Warnecke et al. 2012; Hall et al. 2021; Davy et al. 2020; Haase et al. 2021; Rogers et al. 2022 | | 蝙蝠疾病——对种群增长与存续能力的影响 | 1. 开展长期种群监测，以评估特定疾病对蝙蝠种群数量的影响，并比较不同物种间疾病的种群级效应；2. 评估针对受保护物种的疾病影响缓解保护工具 | Balzer et al. 2021; Vanderwolf and McAlpine 2021; Cheng et al. 2016; Davy et al. 2016; Fletcher et al. 2020 | | 混合感染的发生情况及其对疾病严重程度的影响 | 1. 在种群内开展针对多种病原体的纵向比较监测，而非仅针对单一病原体；2. 开展实验性混合感染以评估其对疾病结局的影响；3. 设计可从采样蝙蝠中检测多种病原体的研究方案 | Dietrich et al. 2015; Davy et al. 2018; Clare et al. 2019; Neely et al. 2021; Kotwa et al. 2022 | | 栖息地质量与人为土地覆盖变化对病原体动态及蝙蝠健康的影响 | 1. 比较破碎化/退化栖息地与完整/高质量栖息地内的病原体载量/流行率差异；2. 比较栖息于人工建筑与自然结构的洞栖蝙蝠的种群适合度或病原体载量/流行率差异 | Cottontail et al. 2009; Kessler et al. 2018; Lausen and Barclay 2006 | | 传播动态：病原体暴露与感染途径 | 1. 研究蝙蝠对媒介物种（包括体外寄生虫）的暴露情况；2. 对媒介物种开展病原体采样 | Talbot et al. 2017; Banerjee et al. 2020 | | 传播动态：感染/再感染率与物候特征 | 1. 开展纵向研究（随时间重复采样个体与种群集群，并收集种群统计、生态与环境元数据）；2. 将社会结构纳入疾病传播模型 | Becker et al. 2021 a; Webber et al. 2017 | | 环境污染物对蝙蝠健康及疾病易感性的影响 | 1. 量化蝙蝠对污染物的暴露水平；2. 开展研究以关联污染物暴露与免疫应答、病原体载量或其他健康负面影响 | Hickey et al. 2001; Chételat et al. 2018; Becker et al. 2021 b; Sandoval-Herrera et al. 2022 | | 病原体在人类、家畜、其他野生动物与蝙蝠之间的溢出与回溢风险 | 在农业区域开展多物种监测，以追踪病原体从蝙蝠向家畜的潜在溢出事件 | Becker et al. 2021 a | | 蝙蝠疾病传播的社会层面特征 | 1. 开展纵向研究（随时间重复采样个体与种群集群），并结合亲缘关系分析与社会网络分析；2. 研究季节性栖息地类型（如育幼栖息地与集群交配位点），并探究迁徙的社会促进效应 | Webber et al. 2016 | | 气候变化对蝙蝠健康的影响，包括病原体流行率与疾病严重程度 | 开展研究以验证或预测气候变化相关的天气模式转变对栖息地质量、猎物可获得性、病原体传播及（或）疾病易感性的影响 | McClure et al. 2022 注：尽管本文聚焦加拿大物种的知识缺口，但所举案例涵盖了其他地区针对此类缺口开展的研究。所选案例并非穷尽式罗列，仅用于说明有效的研究路径。