Archived dataset.

A primary consideration of abundance studies that use unmarked animals is whether survey counts accurately reflect the population size or if unknown variation in animal movement or detection probability biases counts irrespective of population size. We posited that high repeatability in counts among temporally replicated surveys would indicate that counts are a good index of abundance. We temporally replicated 49 nocturnal spotlight surveys of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) up to three times each (n = 128 total samples) to test the repeatability of this commonly used wildlife monitoring technique. Repeatability was high (R = 0.86), suggesting spring spotlight surveys provide a reliable index of deer population size in Iowa, USA. Fourteen percent of the variation among replicated counts was explained by day of year and, to a lesser degree, a vegetation green-up index. Detection probability was high (~0.70) early in the sampling season and declined considerably during the following 6 weeks. Deer abundance was greater at sites with higher percent landcovers of forest and hay/pasture and was lower at sites with higher landcover in crops. Our findings suggest deer managers should sample prior to green-up in the spring to maximize the proportion of the population that is detectable, and that accounting for seasonality on detection estimation is important for reliable abundance estimates if sampling occurs over a range of phenological progression. Finally, we show that temporal replication of surveys is a logistically feasible method to assess the reliability of abundance estimates from study designs that are normally conducted with single visits.