Data: Distinct pathways of soil organic carbon accumulation under decades of manure versus straw amendment in Mollisols

This dataset contains the basic physicochemical and microbial properties of black soil samples collected from a long-term fertilization experiment in Gongzhuling, Jilin Province, China. Physicochemical parameters include soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and soil texture. Microbial data include soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), enzyme activities, and bacterial community composition determined by high-throughput sequencing.All samples were collected from the topsoil (0–20 cm) in the experimental plots, with three replicate plots per treatment. The dataset provides a comprehensive resource for researchers studying the impacts of fertilization management on soil biogeochemical cycles and microbial ecology in the black soil region of Northeast China.