SNOWISO model snow surface and firn core simulations at Dome C, East Antarctica (EPICA Dome C ice core drilling site)

This model dataset includes SNOWISO v3 snowpack simulations of the stable water isotopes (δ18O, δD, d-excess) and is the result of snow surface and snowpack simulations in: Ollivier, I., Steen-Larsen, H.C., Dietrich, L.J., Cauquoin, A., Stenni, B., Werner, M., and Landais, A. (submitted). Post-depositional Processes Alter the Seasonal and Multi-decadal Water Isotopic Records in Antarctic Snow and Firn. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. This model dataset consists of different simulation results, gathered in three folders: sensitivity_tests.zip: contains 38 csv files with the results of the model sensitivity tests on the choice of the formulations for the ice-vapor equilibrium fractionation coefficients (alphas), the choice of the model parameter zsc, and the choice of the kinetic fractionation coefficient (k18O). Files "ST_alphas_Ellehoj_zsc_xx.csv" contain the results of the simulations performed with alphas from Ellehøj et al., 2013 (https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6668); files "ST_alphas_MMN_zsc_xx.csv" contain the results of the simulations performed with alphas from Majoube, 1970 (https://doi.org/10.1038/2261242a0) and Merlivat and Nief, 1967 (https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v19i1.9756). The last part of the file name indicates which zsc was used (from 0.01 to 0.1 m, one file / zsc). The parameter k18O varies from 0 to 0.008 (one column / k18O, see columns description below). In each file, the column "datetime" contains the age of each snowpack layer; the columns "z_xx" contains the depth of each snowpack layer; the columns "d18O_xx" contains the δ18O composition of each snowpack layer; the columns "dD_xx" contains the δD composition of each snowpack layer; and the columns "dxs_xx" contains the d-excess composition of each snowpack layer. The second part of the column name indicates which model run it corresponds to: xx_ndnf: diffusion switched OFF, isotopic fractionation during vapor exchange switched OFF xx_dnf: diffusion switched ON, isotopic fractionation during vapor exchange switched OFF xx_ndKINf_k18O_xx: diffusion switched OFF, isotopic fractionation during vapor exchange switched ON (k18O specified in column name) xx_dKINf_k18O_xx: diffusion switched ON, isotopic fractionation during vapor exchange switched ON (k18O specified in column name) snow_surface.zip: contains 2 csv files with the results of the simulations for the snow surface cell. Simulations were performed with alphas from Ellehøj et al., 2013 (https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6668) and a kinetic fractionation coefficient k18O of 0. File "snow_surface_alphas_Ellehoj_k18O_0_zsc_0.01.csv" contains the results for a zsc of 0.01 m; file "snow_surface_alphas_Ellehoj_k18O_0_zsc_0.04.csv" contains the results for a zsc of 0.04 m. In each file, the column "datetime" contains the age of the snow surface; the columns "d18O_xx" contains the δ18O composition of the snow surface; the columns "dD_xx" contains the δD composition of the snow surface; and the columns "dxs_xx" contains the d-excess composition of the snow surface. The second part of the column name indicates which model run it corresponds to: xx_ndnf: diffusion switched OFF, isotopic fractionation during vapor exchange switched OFF xx_dnf: diffusion switched ON, isotopic fractionation during vapor exchange switched OFF xx_ndKINf: diffusion switched OFF, isotopic fractionation during vapor exchange switched ON (k18O = 0) xx_dKINf: diffusion switched ON, isotopic fractionation during vapor exchange switched ON (k18O = 0) snowpack_profiles.zip: contains 8 csv files with the results of the simulations for the snowpack profiles over the period 1990-2023. Simulations were performed with alphas from Ellehøj et al., 2013 (https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6668), a kinetic fractionation coefficient k18O of 0, and a zsc of 0.04 m. Files "snowpack_1990_2023_cst_prates_xx.csv" contain the results of the simulations performed with constant precipitation rates; files "snowpack_1990_2023_ECHAM_prates_xx.csv" contain the results of the simulations performed with precipitation rates from ECHAM6-wiso. In each file, the column "datetime" contains the age of each snowpack layer; the columns "z" contains the depth of each snowpack layer; the columns "d18O" contains the δ18O composition of each snowpack layer; the columns "dD" contains the δD composition of each snowpack layer; and the columns "dxs" contains the d-excess composition of each snowpack layer. The second part of the file name indicates which model run it corresponds to: xx_ndnf.csv: diffusion switched OFF, isotopic fractionation during vapor exchange switched OFF xx_dnf.csv: diffusion switched ON, isotopic fractionation during vapor exchange switched OFF xx_ndKINf.csv: diffusion switched OFF, isotopic fractionation during vapor exchange switched ON (k18O = 0) xx_dKINf.csv: diffusion switched ON, isotopic fractionation during vapor exchange switched ON (k18O = 0) The scientific theory of the SNOWISO model is described in:Wahl, S., Steen‐Larsen, H.C., Hughes, A.G., Dietrich, L.J., Zuhr, A., Behrens, M., Faber, A.K. and Hörhold, M., 2022. Atmosphere‐Snow Exchange Explains Surface Snow Isotope Variability. Geophysical Research Letters, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099529. The documentation of the SNOWISO model v2 operational set-up and simulation results for the Greenland Ice Sheet is given in:Dietrich, L.J., Steen-Larsen, H.C., Wahl, S., Jones, T.R., Town, M. and Werner, M., 2023. Snow-atmosphere humidity exchange at the ice sheet surface alters annual mean climate signals in ice core records. Geophysical Research Letters, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104249.本模型数据集包含针对稳定水同位素（stable water isotopes，δ¹⁸O、δD、氘盈余（d-excess））的SNOWISO v3雪层模拟结果，其源自以下已投稿研究：Ollivier, I., Steen-Larsen, H.C., Dietrich, L.J., Cauquoin, A., Stenni, B., Werner, M., and Landais, A. (submitted). 《Post-depositional Processes Alter the Seasonal and Multi-decadal Water Isotopic Records in Antarctic Snow and Firn》，《Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres》。 本模型数据集包含三类不同的模拟结果，分别存储于三个文件夹中： ### sensitivity_tests.zip 包含38个CSV文件，涵盖模型敏感性测试的结果，测试内容涵盖冰-汽平衡分馏系数（alphas）的选取、模型参数zsc的设定以及动力分馏系数（k18O）的取值。其中，文件"ST_alphas_Ellehoj_zsc_xx.csv"为采用Ellehøj等人2013年提出的分馏系数（DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6668）的模拟结果；文件"ST_alphas_MMN_zsc_xx.csv"为采用Majoube 1970年、Merlivat与Nief 1967年提出的分馏系数（对应DOI分别为10.1038/2261242a0、10.3402/tellusa.v19i1.9756）的模拟结果。文件名后缀"_xx"代表所使用的zsc取值（取值范围为0.01至0.1 m，每个zsc对应一个文件）。参数k18O的取值范围为0至0.008（每一个k18O取值对应一列数据，详见下文列名说明）。每个文件中，"datetime"列记录各雪层的形成年代；"z_xx"列记录各雪层的深度；"d18O_xx"列记录各雪层的δ¹⁸O组成；"dD_xx"列记录各雪层的δD组成；"dxs_xx"列记录各雪层的氘盈余组成。列名的后缀"xx"代表对应的模型运行模式，具体如下： - xx_ndnf：扩散功能关闭，水汽交换过程中的同位素分馏关闭 - xx_dnf：扩散功能开启，水汽交换过程中的同位素分馏关闭 - xx_ndKINf_k18O_xx：扩散功能关闭，水汽交换过程中的同位素分馏开启（k18O取值由列名指定） - xx_dKINf_k18O_xx：扩散功能开启，水汽交换过程中的同位素分馏开启（k18O取值由列名指定） ### snow_surface.zip 包含2个CSV文件，涵盖雪面网格单元的模拟结果。本次模拟采用Ellehøj等人2013年提出的分馏系数，且动力分馏系数k18O取值为0。其中，文件"snow_surface_alphas_Ellehoj_k18O_0_zsc_0.01.csv"为zsc取0.01 m时的模拟结果；文件"snow_surface_alphas_Ellehoj_k18O_0_zsc_0.04.csv"为zsc取0.04 m时的模拟结果。每个文件中，"datetime"列记录雪面的形成年代；"d18O_xx"列记录雪面的δ¹⁸O组成；"dD_xx"列记录雪面的δD组成；"dxs_xx"列记录雪面的氘盈余组成。列名的后缀"xx"代表对应的模型运行模式，具体如下： - xx_ndnf：扩散功能关闭，水汽交换过程中的同位素分馏关闭 - xx_dnf：扩散功能开启，水汽交换过程中的同位素分馏关闭 - xx_ndKINf：扩散功能关闭，水汽交换过程中的同位素分馏开启（k18O=0） - xx_dKINf：扩散功能开启，水汽交换过程中的同位素分馏开启（k18O=0） ### snowpack_profiles.zip 包含8个CSV文件，涵盖1990-2023年时段的雪层剖面模拟结果。本次模拟采用Ellehøj等人2013年提出的分馏系数、k18O=0以及zsc=0.04 m。其中，文件"snowpack_1990_2023_cst_prates_xx.csv"为采用恒定降水速率的模拟结果；文件"snowpack_1990_2023_ECHAM_prates_xx.csv"为采用ECHAM6-wiso降水速率的模拟结果。每个文件中，"datetime"列记录各雪层的形成年代；"z"列记录各雪层的深度；"d18O"列记录各雪层的δ¹⁸O组成；"dD"列记录各雪层的δD组成；"dxs"列记录各雪层的氘盈余组成。列名的后缀"xx"代表对应的模型运行模式，具体如下： - xx_ndnf.csv：扩散功能关闭，水汽交换过程中的同位素分馏关闭 - xx_dnf.csv：扩散功能开启，水汽交换过程中的同位素分馏关闭 - xx_ndKINf.csv：扩散功能关闭，水汽交换过程中的同位素分馏开启（k18O=0） - xx_dKINf.csv：扩散功能开启，水汽交换过程中的同位素分馏开启（k18O=0） SNOWISO模型的科学理论详见以下研究：Wahl, S., Steen‐Larsen, H.C., Hughes, A.G., Dietrich, L.J., Zuhr, A., Behrens, M., Faber, A.K. and Hörhold, M., 2022. 《Atmosphere‐Snow Exchange Explains Surface Snow Isotope Variability》，《Geophysical Research Letters》，DOI: 10.1029/2022GL099529。 SNOWISO模型v2的运行配置文档及格陵兰冰盖模拟结果详见以下研究：Dietrich, L.J., Steen-Larsen, H.C., Wahl, S., Jones, T.R., Town, M. and Werner, M., 2023. 《Snow-atmosphere humidity exchange at the ice sheet surface alters annual mean climate signals in ice core records》，《Geophysical Research Letters》，DOI: 10.1029/2023GL104249。