NMR spectra of a cardenolide isolated in Heliopsis helianthoides (Asteraceae)

Factors mediating coexistence of closely related species have long been of interest in the origin and maintenance of biodiversity.  Niche differentiation, for example, facilitates stable coexistence by reducing interspecific competition. Here we study adaptive divergence in congeneric seed bugs that often co-occur at small spatial scales: the small milkweed bug (Lygaeus kalmii) and the false milkweed bug (L. turcicus). L. kalmii primarily feeds on milkweeds (Apocynaceae) and sequesters toxic cardenolides as an anti-predator defense; little was previously known about L. turcicus. We report the primary host plant of L. turcicus is false sunflower Heliopsis helianthoides (Asteraceae) and that its seeds produce cardenolides, the second report of this toxin among Asteraceae. We find divergent trends in performance and defense of the bugs on the two hosts: L. kalmii had >30% higher growth rate on milkweeds than on false sunflower, while L. turcicus performed equivalently on each species. C..., H. helianthoides seeds were purchased from commercial vendors. Freeze-dried seeds (50 mg for seeds) were ground to a powder (Retsch Mixer Mill 300). 1.6 mL meOH with 20 μg digitoxin (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) was added to each sample, along with ~30 FastPrep beads. Samples were agitated twice for 45s at 6.5 m/s on a FastPrep-24 homogenizer and centrifugated for 15 min at 12,000 rpm. Solids were discarded, and samples were dried in a centrifugal concentrator at 35 oC. Samples were resuspended in 250 μL of meOH, and each resuspended sample was vortexed 3 times with 1.5 mL of hexanes and centrifugated for 15 min at 12,000 rpm. The hexane layer was discarded to de-fat each sample. Samples were once again dried down, resuspended in 250 μL of MeOH, and filtered with a MultiScreen Solvinert 0.45 μm low-binding hydrophobic PTFE 96-well plate (Millipore, Burlington, Mass). We analyzed samples using HPLC following the method used by Züst et al. (2019). Fifteen μL of the samples were injected into a..., , # NMR spectra of a cardenolide isolated in Heliopsis helianthoides (Asteraceae)

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.c2fqz61jz](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.c2fqz61jz)

## Description of the data and file structure

The data set is organized in main directories that correspond to different NMR sequence and a file of all processed NMR data. Within each of these directories, there is one directory for each spectrum acquired. These directories have extension .fid and their name specifies the NMR sequence. Each of these directories includes files that contain the raw NMR data (fid), the acquisition parameters (procpar), a log file (log), a text file (text). Below is a summary of the main directories.

To view the files, please download the .zip file and uncompress it.

Processed files with extension .fid are ready to be viewed in NMRViewJ or MestReNova. Sunflower cardenolide.mnova can be viewed in MestReNova

In case of any questions, please do not hesitate to contact the authors.
### Files a...

近缘物种共存的调控因子长期以来一直是生物多样性起源与维持研究的核心议题。例如，生态位分化（niche differentiation）可通过降低种间竞争促进物种稳定共存。本研究针对常以小空间尺度共存的同属种子蝽的适应性分化展开探究，研究对象为小乳草长蝽（Lygaeus kalmii）与伪乳草长蝽（L. turcicus）。小乳草长蝽主要取食夹竹桃科（Apocynaceae）乳草属植物，并通过螯合有毒的强心甾类化合物（cardenolides）作为反捕食防御手段；此前学界对伪乳草长蝽的了解相对匮乏。本研究明确了伪乳草长蝽的主要寄主植物为假向日葵（Heliopsis helianthoides，菊科Asteraceae），且其种子含有强心甾类化合物，这是菊科植物中该类毒素的第二例公开报道。我们发现两种蝽类在两种寄主上的生存表现与防御策略存在显著分化：小乳草长蝽在乳草属植物上的生长速率较在假向日葵上高出30%以上，而伪乳草长蝽在两种寄主上的生长表现无明显差异。
[原文此处存在内容截断] 假向日葵种子购自商业供应商。将冻干种子（每份50mg）研磨为粉末（使用Retsch Mixer Mill 300研磨仪）。向每份样品中加入1.6mL甲醇（meOH）与20μg洋地黄毒苷（Sigma-Aldrich，美国密苏里州），并加入约30颗FastPrep研磨珠。将样品在FastPrep-24均质仪上以6.5m/s的速率振摇两次，每次45秒，随后以12000rpm离心15分钟。弃去固体沉淀物，将样品置于离心浓缩仪中35℃下干燥。将样品重悬于250μL甲醇中，每份重悬样品用1.5mL正己烷涡旋萃取三次，随后以12000rpm离心15分钟。弃去正己烷层以去除样品中的脂肪成分。再次将样品干燥后，重悬于250μL甲醇中，使用MultiScreen Solvinert 0.45μm低吸附疏水聚四氟乙烯（Polytetrafluoroethylene，PTFE）96孔板（Millipore，美国马萨诸塞州伯灵顿）过滤样品。本研究参照Züst等人（2019）的方法，采用高效液相色谱（High Performance Liquid Chromatography，HPLC）对样品进行分析。向色谱系统中注入15μL样品……
# 从假向日葵（Heliopsis helianthoides，菊科Asteraceae）中分离得到的强心甾类化合物的核磁共振（Nuclear Magnetic Resonance，NMR）光谱
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.c2fqz61jz

## 数据与文件结构说明
本数据集按照对应不同核磁共振序列的主目录与一份包含所有处理后核磁共振数据的文件进行组织。每个主目录下均设有一个与所采集的每条光谱对应的子目录，这类子目录的扩展名为.fid，其名称标注了对应的核磁共振序列。每个子目录均包含存储原始核磁共振数据的文件（fid）、采集参数文件（procpar）、日志文件（log）以及文本文件（text）。以下为各主目录的概要说明。
若需查看文件，请下载.zip压缩包并解压。扩展名为.fid的处理后文件可直接在NMRViewJ或MestReNova软件中打开。Sunflower cardenolide.mnova文件可在MestReNova软件中查看。
如有任何疑问，请随时联系本文作者。
### 文件……