Chi-square tests for selected models.

Scientifically configuring landscape patterns based on their relationship with ground-level ozone concentrations (GOCs) is an effective way to prevent and control ground-level ozone pollution. In this paper, a GOC variation trend prediction model (hybrid model) combining a generalized linear model (GLM) and a logistic regression model (LRM) was established to analyze the spatiotemporal variation patterns in GOCs as well as their responses to landscape patterns. The model exhibited satisfactory performance, with percent of samples correctly predicted (PCP) value of 82.33% and area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) value of 0.70. Using the hybrid model, the per-pixel rise probability of annual average GOCs at a spatial resolution of 1 km in Shenzhen were generated. The results showed that (1) annual average GOCs were increasing in Shenzhen from 2015 to 2020, and had obvious spatial differences, with a higher value in the west and a lower value in the east; (2) variation trend in GOCs was significant positively correlated with landscape heterogeneity (HET), while significant negatively correlated with dominance (DMG) and contagion (CON); (3) GOCs in Shenzhen has a great risk of rising, especially in GuangMing, PingShan, LongGang, LuoHu and BaoAn. The results provide not only a preliminary index for estimating the GOC variation trend in the absence of air quality monitoring data but also guidance for landscape optimizing design from the perspective of controlling ground-level ozone pollution.