Timing of first care among Australian workers with compensable musculoskeletal conditions: Determinants and health and work outcomes

This doctoral thesis investigated determinants of timing of care and its effects on health and work outcomes for musculoskeletal conditions within Australian workers’ compensation systems. A scoping review found early physical therapy and biopsychosocial interventions shorten work disability duration, whereas early opioids and routine imaging prolong it. Retrospective analyses demonstrated initial consultations occur later with musculoskeletal therapists than with general practitioners, and early physical therapy shortened disability duration for low back pain. State sequence analysis revealed three trajectories (Sustained Physiotherapy, Early, Short-Term Care, and Diverse Care), highlighting significant care variations. The findings suggest risk-based triage, early evidence-based care, telehealth, and discouraging low-value services.