Data from: A phylogenetic, biogeographic, and taxonomic study of all extant species of Anolis (Squamata; Iguanidae)

Anolis lizards (anoles) are textbook study organisms in evolution and ecology. Although several topics in evolutionary biology have been elucidated by the study of anoles, progress in some areas has been hampered by limited phylogenetic information on this group. Here we present a phylogenetic analysis of all 379 extant species of Anolis, with new phylogenetic data for 139 species including new DNA data for 101 species. We use the resulting estimates as a basis for defining anole clade names under the principles of phylogenetic nomenclature and to examine the biogeographic history of anoles. Our new taxonomic treatment achieves the supposed advantages of recent subdivisions of anoles that employed ranked Linnaean–based nomenclature while avoiding the pitfalls of those approaches regarding artificial constraints imposed by ranks. Our biogeographic analyses demonstrate complexity in the dispersal history of anoles, including multiple crossings of the Isthmus of Panama, two invasions of the Caribbean, single invasions to Jamaica and Cuba, and a single evolutionary dispersal from the Caribbean to the mainland that resulted in substantial anole diversity. Our comprehensive phylogenetic estimate of anoles should prove useful for rigorous testing of many comparative evolutionary hypotheses.

安乐蜥属蜥蜴（Anolis lizards，anoles）是演化与生态学领域的经典教科书研究模式生物。尽管学界通过对安乐蜥的研究阐明了演化生物学中的诸多议题，但该类群的系统发育信息较为匮乏，一定程度上掣肘了部分研究领域的进展。本研究针对全部379个现生安乐蜥物种开展系统发育分析，其中139个物种新增了系统发育数据，涵盖101个物种的全新DNA序列数据。基于所得的系统发育估算结果，本研究依据系统发育命名学原则确立了安乐蜥类群的分支名称，并以此为基础探究了安乐蜥的生物地理演化历史。本研究提出的全新分类处理方案，既兼具近期采用等级式林奈命名法的安乐蜥亚类划分方案的预期优势，又规避了此类方法因等级设置带来的人为约束缺陷。生物地理分析结果显示，安乐蜥的扩散演化历史颇具复杂性：包括多次跨越巴拿马地峡、两次入侵加勒比海区域、单次入侵牙买加与古巴，以及一次从加勒比海区域向大陆的演化扩散事件——该事件孕育了丰富的安乐蜥物种多样性。本研究构建的全面安乐蜥系统发育估算结果，将为诸多比较演化生物学假说的严谨验证提供关键支撑。