3D thermohydraulic model for Berlin's Urban Subsurface
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Abstract We present the data and methodology behind Model 2—a 3D thermohydraulic model of the Berlin subsurface that incorporates open boundary conditions to represent regional groundwater flow. This model covers the aquifer systems within the Northeast German Basin and simulates groundwater dynamics over an area of approximately 450 km². It was developed to examine the impact of regional flow on groundwater interactions and potential contamination risks for Berlin’s water supply, Model 2 differs from previous models by integrating cross-boundary flow and pressure influences. The dataset, in the form of a FEFLOW file (.fem), depicts the 3D distribution of geological units in the subsurface up to a depth of 6 km. It includes thermal and hydraulic boundary conditions as well as the parameter ranges used in Frick et al., 2019. The model focuses particularly on the Rupelian clay layer, which partially separates fresh and saline aquifers. Model results indicate how regional flow affects inter-aquifer exchange, potentially amplifying the risk of saline intrusion into freshwater zones under anthropogenic stress. This dataset is particularly relevant for applications in groundwater management and urban water resource planning. Technical specifications of the model’s structure and parameterization are provided in the Technical Information section and Frick et. al., (2019).This dataset relates to several studies done in the past, focusing on the urban subsurface of Berlin: Frick et. al., (2018, 2019, 2020); Frick (2019), Haacke et al., (2018). Model Area in Model CRS (EPSG: 31468, DHDN / 3-Degree Gauss-Kruger zone 4):X: 4571450 to 4624450Y: 5800300 to 5843000 Methods To develop the 3D Model 2 for groundwater dynamics in Berlin’s subsurface, we used the software FEFLOW© (DHI-WASY) to integrate geological and hydrogeological data across 21 geological layers, which represent both shallow freshwater and deep saline aquifers in the Northeast German Basin. The model construction relied on data from hydrogeological maps, well logs, and prior structural models, particularly the Haacke et al. (2018) model, which provided detailed information on regional aquitards and aquifers. To accommodate the open boundary conditions, we applied fixed hydraulic heads and temperatures at the model’s lateral boundaries. The temperatures were used from modeling results presented in Haacke et al., (2018). The hydraulic boundary conditions were derived by projecting the surface hydraulic heads downwards, therefore allowing cross-boundary flow. The upper boundary condition was set to reflect local measured hydraulic heads and surface water features, including lakes and rivers. The bottom of the model represents the depth limit of groundwater flow relevance in Berlin, approximately 6 km below the surface. Here, no flow is expected and hence no hydraulic boundary condition defined. Model discretization was performed in FEFLOW©, where we created a finite element mesh with an average horizontal resolution of 20 m × 20 m, and refined locally near production wells and surface water bodies. Vertically, the model was subdivided into 57 computational layers to ensure a better horizontal to vertical ratio of the mesh elements. Hydraulic properties were assigned based on lithology, using anisotropic values where vertical conductivity (κz) was set lower than horizontal conductivity (κx,y), in alignment with the aquifer and aquitard characteristics (see also Frick et al., (2019)). Transient simulations were initialized by first calculating the model to a steady-state condition, representing pre-pumping groundwater dynamics. For each simulation, pumping wells were introduced as point sinks with variable rates, replicating the distribution and intensity of groundwater extraction in Berlin over a 100-year period. These scenarios allowed us to observe changes in inter-aquifer flow, particularly near regions of thinned Rupelian clay, where saline intrusion into freshwater zones was most probable. Further methodological details on model parameterization and boundary conditions can be found in Frick et al., (2019). Technical Information We provide a single FEFLOW© file which incorporates all elevation distributions of the different geological layers (see table below for key), the hydraulic and thermal boundary conditions and the hydraulic and thermal properties of the model units. Pumping rates and wells were deleted due to the sensitivity of the data. 3D structural modelling was primarily done in Petrel (© Schlumberger). Modelled unit thicknesses might slightly vary to the ones which can be derived from Frick et al., 2020, due to the fact that a structured mesh was used. Here, a minimum thickness of 0.1m was used in areas where any of the modelled units showed a thickness of 0m. The model layers are as follows: ID Name 1 Colmation Layer 2 Holocene Weichsel 3 Holocene Weichsel 4 Saale 5 Saale 6 Holstein 7 Holstein 8 Elster 9 Elster 10 Miocene 11 Miocene 12 Cottbus 13 Cottbus 14 Rupelian 15 Rupelian 16 Rupelian 17 Pre-Rupelian 18 Pre-Rupelian 19 Pre-Rupelian 20 Pre-Rupelian 21 Upper Cretaceous 22 Upper Cretaceous 23 Upper Cretaceous 24 Lower Cretaceous 25 Lower Cretaceous 26 Jurassic 27 Jurassic 28 Jurassic 29 Jurassic 30 Keuper 31 Keuper 32 Keuper 33 Muschelkalk 34 Muschelkalk 35 Muschelkalk 36 Upper Buntsandstein 37 Upper Buntsandstein 38 Middle Buntsandstein 39 Middle Buntsandstein 40 Lower Buntsandstein 41 Lower Buntsandstein 42 Lower Buntsandstein 43 Zechstein 44 Zechstein 45 Zechstein 46 Zechstein 47 Zechstein 48 Rotliegend 49 Rotliegend 50 Permocarboniferous 51 Permocarboniferous 52 Permocarboniferous 53 Permocarboniferous 54 Basement 55 Basement 56 Basement 57 Basement Table 1. Layers of the 3D Model Related works Frick, M., Bott [Sippel], J., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Cacace, M., Haacke, N., Schneider, M., 2020. 3D geological model of Berlin - Germany. https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.5.2020.005 Frick, M., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Cacace, M., Schneider, M., 2019. Boundary condition control on inter-aquifer flow in the subsurface of Berlin (Germany) – new insights from 3-D numerical modelling, in: Advances in Geosciences. Presented at the European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2019, EGU Division Energy, Resources & Environment (ERE) - EGU General Assembly 2019, Vienna, Austria, 7–12 April 2019, Copernicus GmbH, pp. 9–18. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-9-2019 Frick, M., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Schneider, M., Cacace, M., 2018. Surface to groundwater interactions beneath the city of Berlin - Results from 3D models. Geofluids In Press. Haacke, N., Frick, M., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Schneider, M., Cacace, M., 2018. 3-D Simulations of Groundwater Utilization in an Urban Catchment of Berlin, Germany. Advances in Geosciences 45, 177–184. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-177-2018 Frick, M., 2019. Towards a more sustainable utilization of the urban geological subsurface: Insights from 3D thermohydraulic models (PhD Thesis). FU Berlin, Berlin. References Frick, M., Bott [Sippel], J., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Cacace, M., Haacke, N., Schneider, M., 2020. 3D geological model of Berlin - Germany. https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.5.2020.005 Frick, M., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Cacace, M., Schneider, M., 2019. Boundary condition control on inter-aquifer flow in the subsurface of Berlin (Germany) – new insights from 3-D numerical modelling, in: Advances in Geosciences. Presented at the European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2019, EGU Division Energy, Resources & Environment (ERE) - EGU General Assembly 2019, Vienna, Austria, 7–12 April 2019, Copernicus GmbH, pp. 9–18. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-9-2019 Frick, M., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Schneider, M., Cacace, M., 2018. Surface to groundwater interactions beneath the city of Berlin - Results from 3D models. Geofluids In Press. Haacke, N., Frick, M., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Schneider, M., Cacace, M., 2018. 3-D Simulations of Groundwater Utilization in an Urban Catchment of Berlin, Germany. Advances in Geosciences 45, 177–184. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-177-2018 Frick, M., 2019. Towards a more sustainable utilization of the urban geological subsurface: Insights from 3D thermohydraulic models (PhD Thesis). FU Berlin, Berlin.
Abstract 本研究公开了Model 2相关的数据与构建方法——该模型是一款针对柏林地下空间的三维热液压模型，采用开放边界条件表征区域地下水流运动。模型覆盖德国东北盆地内的含水层系统，模拟面积约450 km²，旨在探究区域水流对地下水交互作用的影响，以及柏林供水系统面临的潜在污染风险。与以往模型不同，Model 2整合了跨边界水流与压力影响。 本数据集以FEFLOW（.fem）文件格式存储，刻画了地下0至6 km深度范围内地质单元的三维分布，包含热边界与液压边界条件，以及Frick等人2019年研究中使用的参数取值范围。模型重点关注吕珀尔期黏土层——该层部分分隔了淡水含水层与咸水含水层。模型结果揭示了区域水流如何影响含水层间的水交换，在人为压力下可能加剧咸水侵入淡水区域的风险。本数据集在地下水管理与城市水资源规划领域具有重要应用价值。模型结构与参数化的技术细节详见《技术信息》章节及Frick等（2019）的研究。本数据集关联多项针对柏林城市地下空间的既往研究，包括Frick等（2018、2019、2020）、Frick（2019）以及Haacke等（2018）的相关工作。 模型区域 采用模型坐标系（CRS, EPSG: 31468，DHDN/3度高斯-克吕格第4带）： X坐标：4571450 至 4624450 Y坐标：5800300 至 5843000 构建方法 为开发柏林地下空间地下水动力过程的三维Model 2，我们采用FEFLOW©（DHI-WASY）软件，整合了德国东北盆地内21个地质层的地质与水文地质数据，这些层涵盖浅层淡水含水层与深层咸水含水层。模型构建依托水文地质图、测井数据以及既往结构模型的数据，尤其参考了Haacke等（2018）的模型，该模型提供了区域弱透水层与含水层的详细信息。 为适配开放边界条件，我们在模型的侧向边界设置了固定的水压头与温度值，其中温度数据取自Haacke等（2018）的模拟结果。液压边界条件通过将地表水压头向下投影得到，以此实现跨边界水流。模型上边界设置为反映实测的局部水压头与地表水体特征，包括湖泊与河流。模型底部对应柏林地下水流相关的深度极限，即地表以下约6 km处，此处无水流活动，因此未设置液压边界条件。 模型离散化在FEFLOW©中完成，我们生成了平均水平分辨率为20 m × 20 m的有限元网格，并在生产井与地表水体附近进行局部加密。垂向上，模型被划分为57个计算层，以优化网格单元的垂向与水平尺寸比。液压属性根据岩性赋值，采用各向异性参数：垂向渗透系数（κz）低于水平渗透系数（κx,y），符合含水层与弱透水层的特性（详见Frick等，2019）。 瞬态模拟首先通过将模型计算至稳态条件启动，该稳态代表抽水前的地下水动力状态。在每场模拟中，抽水井被设置为可变流量的点汇，复现柏林地区100年间地下水开采的分布与强度。通过该模拟场景，我们可以观测含水层间水流的变化，尤其是在吕珀尔期黏土层变薄的区域——此处咸水侵入淡水区域的风险最高。 关于模型参数化与边界条件的更多方法细节，详见Frick等（2019）的研究。 技术信息 我们提供单个FEFLOW©文件，其中包含所有不同地质层的高程分布（详见下表的图层说明）、液压与热边界条件，以及模型单元的液压与热物理属性。由于数据敏感性，抽水井与抽水流量已被移除。 三维结构建模主要在Petrel（©斯伦贝谢）中完成。由于采用了结构化网格，模型单元的厚度与Frick等（2020）研究中的推导值可能存在细微差异。在建模单元厚度为0的区域，我们统一设置最小厚度为0.1 m。 模型图层如下： | 序号 | 图层名称 | |------|------------------| | 1 | 堵塞层 | | 2 | 全新世魏克塞尔层 | | 3 | 全新世魏克塞尔层 | | 4 | 萨勒层 | | 5 | 萨勒层 | | 6 | 霍尔斯坦层 | | 7 | 霍尔斯坦层 | | 8 | 埃尔斯特层 | | 9 | 埃尔斯特层 | | 10 | 中新世层 | | 11 | 中新世层 | | 12 | 科特布斯层 | | 13 | 科特布斯层 | | 14 | 吕珀尔期层 | | 15 | 吕珀尔期层 | | 16 | 吕珀尔期层 | | 17 | 吕珀尔期前地层 | | 18 | 吕珀尔期前地层 | | 19 | 吕珀尔期前地层 | | 20 | 吕珀尔期前地层 | | 21 | 上白垩统 | | 22 | 上白垩统 | | 23 | 上白垩统 | | 24 | 下白垩统 | | 25 | 下白垩统 | | 26 | 侏罗系 | | 27 | 侏罗系 | | 28 | 侏罗系 | | 29 | 侏罗系 | | 30 | 考依波统 | | 31 | 考依波统 | | 32 | 考依波统 | | 33 | 壳灰岩统 | | 34 | 壳灰岩统 | | 35 | 壳灰岩统 | | 36 | 上斑砂岩统 | | 37 | 上斑砂岩统 | | 38 | 中斑砂岩统 | | 39 | 中斑砂岩统 | | 40 | 下斑砂岩统 | | 41 | 下斑砂岩统 | | 42 | 下斑砂岩统 | | 43 | 蔡希斯坦统 | | 44 | 蔡希斯坦统 | | 45 | 蔡希斯坦统 | | 46 | 蔡希斯坦统 | | 47 | 蔡希斯坦统 | | 48 | 下红层统 | | 49 | 下红层统 | | 50 | 二叠-石炭系 | | 51 | 二叠-石炭系 | | 52 | 二叠-石炭系 | | 53 | 二叠-石炭系 | | 54 | 基底 | | 55 | 基底 | | 56 | 基底 | | 57 | 基底 | 表1 三维模型图层 相关研究 Frick, M., Bott [Sippel], J., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Cacace, M., Haacke, N., Schneider, M., 2020. 德国柏林三维地质模型. https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.5.2020.005 Frick, M., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Cacace, M., Schneider, M., 2019. 德国柏林地下含水层间水流的边界条件控制——基于三维数值模拟的新认知, 收录于《Advances in Geosciences》. 发表于2019年4月7日至12日奥地利维也纳举办的欧洲地球科学联合会大会（EGU 2019），EGU能源、资源与环境分会（ERE），Copernicus GmbH，第9-18页. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-9-2019 Frick, M., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Schneider, M., Cacace, M., 2018. 柏林城市地下的地表-地下水交互作用——基于三维模型的研究结果. Geofluids 已录用. Haacke, N., Frick, M., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Schneider, M., Cacace, M., 2018. 德国柏林城市集水区地下水开采的三维模拟. Advances in Geosciences 45, 177–184. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-177-2018 Frick, M., 2019. 城市地质地下空间的可持续利用：基于三维热液压模型的研究（博士论文）. 柏林自由大学，柏林. 参考文献 Frick, M., Bott [Sippel], J., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Cacace, M., Haacke, N., Schneider, M., 2020. 德国柏林三维地质模型. https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.5.2020.005 Frick, M., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Cacace, M., Schneider, M., 2019. 德国柏林地下含水层间水流的边界条件控制——基于三维数值模拟的新认知, 收录于《Advances in Geosciences》. 发表于2019年4月7日至12日奥地利维也纳举办的欧洲地球科学联合会大会（EGU 2019），EGU能源、资源与环境分会（ERE），Copernicus GmbH，第9-18页. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-9-2019 Frick, M., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Schneider, M., Cacace, M., 2018. 柏林城市地下的地表-地下水交互作用——基于三维模型的研究结果. Geofluids 已录用. Haacke, N., Frick, M., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Schneider, M., Cacace, M., 2018. 德国柏林城市集水区地下水开采的三维模拟. Advances in Geosciences 45, 177–184. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-177-2018 Frick, M., 2019. 城市地质地下空间的可持续利用：基于三维热液压模型的研究（博士论文）. 柏林自由大学，柏林.
